Government under specific rulers

Question 1

Alexander II

• Passed a series of reforms that appeared to ____ autocracy, but his motivation was to ____ power. These reforms, such as ____ in ____, were partly designed to ____ critics, and thus went against ____ as did not expect ____ and ____ ____.
• Saw more ____ and ____ government (Zemstva in ____, gave greater freedom for new ideas in ____)
• Ended reform programme after ____ ____ in ____ by ____ ____.

Answer 1

Alexander II

• Passed a series of reforms that appeared to dilute autocracy, but his motivation was to maintain power. These reforms, such as Emancipation in 1861, were partly designed to appease critics, and thus went against autocracy as did not expect total and willing submission.
• Saw more relaxed and liberal government (Zemstva in 1864, gave greater freedom for new ideas in 1865)
• Ended reform programme after assassination attempt in 1866 by Dimitry Karakozov.

Question 2

Alexander III

• Had a ____ and ____ period of rule
• In ____ started Russification programme
• In ____ appointed Land Captains to ____ and ____ peasants
• Used the ____ and the Statute Concerning ____ for the ____ of ____ ____ in ____ - to maintain ____ and ____ submission

Answer 2

Alexander III

• Had a reactionary and repressive period of rule
• In 1881 started Russification programme
• In 1889 appointed Land Captains to monitor and control peasants
• Used the Okhrana and the Statute Concerning Measures for the Production of State Security in 1881 - to maintain control and complete submission

Question 3

Nicholas II

• Attempted ____ ____ to appease ____
• ____ October Manifesto promised ____
• ____ introduced the Duma
• ____ established Fundemental Laws to ____ the effects of the ____
• ____ abdicated to ‘____’ Russia

Answer 3

Nicholas II

• Attempted political reforms to appease opposition
• 1905 Octobe Manifesto promised reforms
• 1906 introduced the Duma
• 1906 established Fundemental Laws to dilute the effects of the reforms
• 1917 abdicated to ‘save’ Russia

Question 4

Lenin

• Only gets to ____-____ socialism, with government exercised through the ____ of the ____
• No ____, as has overthrown previous ____ ____
• Pragmatic - flits between ____ and ____ (would not have been necessary if revolution had come after ____, abiding by ____ principles, as would have had enough ____)
• Used the ____ to maintain ____ control, ____ ____ continued for rest of Commissars

Answer 4

Lenin

• Only gets to semi-consolidate socialism, with government exercised through the dictatorship of the proletariat
• No superstructure, as has overthrown previous social order
• Pragmatic - flits between moderate and radical (would not have been necessary if revolution had come after capitalism, abiding by Marcist principles, as would have had enough industry)
• Used the Cheka to maintain absolute control, secret police continued for rest of Commissars

Question 5

Stalin

• Creates new ____ - the ____ economy (a ____ from Marxism)
• A new ____
• ____ ideology
• ____-____ rule rather than ‘____ of the revolution’
• _._._._. then _._._._. to maintain ____ control

Answer 5

Stalin

• Creates new superstructure - the command economy (a departure from Marxism)
• A new heirarchy
• Subverts ideology
• One-man rule rather than ‘vanguard of the revolution’
• OGPU then NKVD to maintain absolute control

Question 6

Khrushchev

• Thinks Stalin ideologically wrong to rule ____, so back to ____ leadership (but engineers ____ to ____)
• Still ____ economy, just ____
• Main interest to ____ Communism ____
• _._._. to maintain ____ control

Answer 6

Khrushchev

• Thinks Stalin ideologically wrong to rule autocratically, so back to collective leadership (but engineers himself to top)
• Still command economy, just relaxed
• Main interest to spread Communism abroad
• KGB to maintain absolute control