Representations - Gender, Sexuality, Disability

Question 1

Symbolic Annihilation

Answer 1

TUCHMAN ET AL - The under-representation of women: limited social skills and achievement: LOOKS AND SEX APPEAL MORE IMPORTANT!

Question 2

Limited roles

Answer 2

Turnstall - women in media seen as sex objects (male gaze - Mulvey), busy housewives - IGNORES THAT OVER HALF WORK!
Men rarely seen in sexual way, mostly powerful positions.

Question 3

Orbach

Answer 3

Media perpetuate slimness = successful, happiness and popularity.
= girls and women unhappy with their bodies = EATING DISORDER! :((

Question 4

Banyard

Answer 4

5 mins exposure to thin and beautiful women = low self-esteem and comparison.

Question 5

Plant

Answer 5

The internet helps destabilise patriarchy = allows women to explore, create new ID’s.
EXAMPLE: everdaysexism.com = useful tools for challenging neg media of women.

Question 6

Criticism of plant - media empowers women…

Answer 6

Criticism -

Women increased subject of rape and murder threats - online trolls.

Question 7

MR of Masculinity… children now:

Answer 7

CHILDREN NOW - Asked boys aged 10 to 17 their thoughts of male characters in media:

• violent
• leaders
• funny, confident, successful
• rarely cry
• normally work place.

Question 8

McNamara

Answer 8

80% of MR of males were negative, 20% focused on a feminine side of men - METROSEXUAL MALE!

Question 9

Liberal fem perspective on MR

Answer 9

Media is slow to show women’s achievement - ‘CULTURAL LAG’; Women rarely achieving high positions in media.

Question 10

Marxist fem perspective on MR

Answer 10

Media creates ‘false needs’ around beauty, size and shape. Created by advertise revenue - auidence demand = more advertising.

Question 11

Radical fem perspective on MR

Answer 11

WOLF -
> FALSE CONSCIOUSNESS
Media cons women into a ‘beauty myth’; see these goals to pressure their personal happiness, shape, sexiness - creates FALSE CONSCIOUSNESS

Question 12

Postmordernist perspective of MR

Answer 12

Challenges tradition, creates new ID’s and lifestyles.

Question 13

Plurarlist perspective of MR

Answer 13

Public demand, what the audience wants to see.

Question 14

Batchelor et al

gay bullying

Answer 14

Media showed gay in a neg light - bullying and teasing.

Question 15

Batchelor et al

Answer 15

Media has limitations to sexual health info:
1. contraception seen as women’s responsibility
2. Men = boast about sex
women = emotions
3. lack of positive images of lesbian and gay teenagers.

Question 16

What does dyer say about sexuality in the media?

Answer 16

The media have conducted stereotypical ‘signs of gayness’

Question 17

Stonewall Research on LGBTQ+

Answer 17

STONEWALL RESEARCH -

Out of 126hrs only 5hr focused on LGBTQ+: ONLY 46 MINS REALISTIC AND POSITIVE!

Question 18

What is the pink pound?

can be used as a criticism

Answer 18

The amount of money media owners use to target the LGBTQ+ community - estimated £6billion each year.

Question 19

What do the LGBTQ+ community think of Media?

Answer 19

POSITIVE!
Internet is USER-GENERATED - constructed supportive LGBTQ+ media sites
EXAMPLE: LGBTQ+ police website.

CRITICISM -
More bullying and online trolling.

Question 20

Barnes

MR of disability

Answer 20

Media shows them as:

• Sinister and evil (baddy in a film)
• Super-cripples (sixth sense)

Question 21

Pluralist view of MR of disability

Answer 21

PLURALIST -

Media mirrors social anxiety about impairment. However, does show COURAGE from disabled individuals.

Question 22

The social construction theory

Answer 22

Impaired individuals are disabled by society and media!

1. sees disability as unhealthy, tragic.
2. Prejudice - disability fear everything the ‘normal’ dread.
3. Journalists - Disables are incapable if leading a ‘normal life’: low status, oppression, inequality.

Question 23

Postmodernists view of MR of disability

Answer 23

Media gives disables a voice and independence.