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Plant Biotechnology > Replication and Repair > Flashcards

Replication and Repair Flashcards

1
Q

If re-replication occurs before mitosis. Chromosome number may be increased and cause _____.

A

Polyploidy

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2
Q

If mitosis occurs before replication is complete. Chromosome may be lost and cause ____.

A

Aneuploidy

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3
Q

Regulate progression through cell cycle

A

Cell dependent cycle (Cdc) proteins

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4
Q

Another name for cell dependent proteins

A

Cyclins

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5
Q

In which phase does nucleotide biosynthesis take place ?

A

late G1

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6
Q

In which phase does histone biosynthesis take place ?

A

early S

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7
Q

When are pre-initiation replication complexes formed?

A

late G1

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8
Q

What does Cdc7p phosphorylate?

A

MCM5

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9
Q

Which phase inhibits re-replication during S phase?

A

Telophase

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10
Q

Which kinase inhibits mitosis in G1 phase ?

A

Cdc6

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11
Q

Which enzyme inhibits mitosis in S phase ?

A

DNAPII

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12
Q

What is ori?

A

Origin of replication?

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13
Q

What is a DNA segment replication from one ori?

A

Replicon

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14
Q

Replicated early in S phase (chromatin)

A

Euchromatin

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15
Q

Replicated late (chromatin)

A

Heterochromatin

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16
Q

Replicate late

A

Telomeres

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17
Q

ORC

A

Origin replication complex (1st complex)

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18
Q

Which complex is the docking point for regulatory proteins and interacts with DNAP ?

A

ORC

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19
Q

Which complex is formed only during early G1 phase and is phosphorylated by CDK?

A

Cdc6

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20
Q

Which activated complex associates with ORC when mitotic kinase is absent?

A

Cdc6p (also platform for MCM)

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21
Q

Which complexes are localized in the nucleus during G1 phase?

A

Cdc45 and MCM

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22
Q

Which activated complex stabilized MCM proteins to form complex

A

Cdc45p

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23
Q

Which complex may function as DNA helicase and begin strand separation?

A

MCM

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24
Q

Which complex exits pre-initiation complex so that Cdc7 can enter?

A

Cdc6p

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25
Q

Which complex completes the pre-initiation complex?

A

DNAP

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26
Q

Which proteins serve as “licensing factor” for initiation?

A

MCM proteins

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27
Q

Removes supercoils in DNA ahead of replication fork

A

Topoisomerase

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28
Q

Breaks H-bonds to separate strands at replication fork

A

Helicase

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29
Q

aka single-stranded binding protein (ssb); binds to and stabilized DNA

A

Replication Protein A (RP-A)

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30
Q

Specific ribonucleotide polymerases that synthesize primers

A

DNA Primase

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31
Q

Initiates primer synthesis with purine NTP

A

DNA Primase

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32
Q

Which enzymes in plants only need 1 primer and add bases to 3’ end of leading strand?

A

DNAPII and DNAPIII

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33
Q

What is the problem with synthesizing the lagging strand with DNAPs?

A

Lagging strand ends with 5’-PO4 and not 3’-OH

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34
Q

T or F. Multiple primers are needed due to 3’ to 5’ orientation of lagging strand

A

True!

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35
Q

Short, discontinuous fragment composed of primer and newly added nucleotides between primer and pre-existing lagging strand

A

Okazaki fragment

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36
Q

Missing phosphodiester bond in sugar-phosphate backbone

A

Nick

37
Q

Removes RNA primer, inserts proper deoxynucleotides

A

RNase H

38
Q

Seals nicks (forms phoshodiester bonds) to create continuous lagging strand

A

DNA Ligase

39
Q

Primary function of DNAPII and DNAPIII

A

oligonucleotide elongation

40
Q

Primary function of DNAPI

A

primer synthesis

41
Q

Function of telomeres

A

Maintain stable chromosome length

42
Q

Physical and chemical stresses on DNA

A

oxygen, uv radiation, alkylating agents, radicals

43
Q

By-products of what cellular function can cause deamination and alkyation?

A

Metabolism

44
Q

Replacing amine group with a double-bonded oxygen (addition of H2O)

A

Deamination

45
Q

A location in DNA that has neither a purine or pyrimidine

A

Apurinic site/ apyrimidinic site (AP site)

46
Q

BrdU

A

Bromodeoxyuracil

47
Q

In what form does BrdU base pair with A?

A

keto form (common form)

48
Q

In what form does BrdU base pair with G?

A

enol form (ionized form)

49
Q

Caused by uv radiation, alters the position of bases and does not permit base pairing

A

Pyrimidine dimers

50
Q

Long uv, less energetic, more photons reach Earth’s surface

A

UV-A

51
Q

Short uv, more energetic, far fewer protons reach Earth’s surface

A

UV-B

52
Q

ORF

A

Open reading frame

53
Q

URF

A

Uninterrupted reading frame

54
Q

Loose base pairing at 3rd position

A

Wobble codons

55
Q

Sequence identical to RNA (except for T for U) ; aka sense strand

A

Coding strand

56
Q

Opposite strand; template for mRNA synthesis; complementary to RNA; aka anti-sense, template strand

A

Non-coding strand

57
Q

Mutation induced by acridine; insert/delete 1 base; fatal for protein

A

Frame shift mutation

58
Q

Purine replaced by another purine / pyrimidine replaced by another pyrimidine

A

Transition

59
Q

Purine replaced by a pyrimidine / Pyrimidine replaced by a purine

A

Transversion

60
Q

Triplet encodes same amino acid

A

Silent mutation

61
Q

Codon specifies different but functionally equivalent amino acid

A

Synonymous mutation

62
Q

Codon specifies a different and nonfunctional amino acid

A

Missense mutation

63
Q

Codon signals chain termination

A

Nonsense mutation

64
Q

Spontaneous mutation that restores wild type phenotype in mutant

A

Reversion

65
Q

First mutation that creates mutant

A

Forward mutation

66
Q

Second mutation that restores wild type phenotype

A

Reverse mutation

67
Q

Exact, Equivalent, Suppression

A

Reversion types

68
Q

Restores wild type function, but not sequence

A

Equivalent reversion

69
Q

Second point mutation that reverses effect on non-sense mutation

A

Nonsense suppressors

70
Q

Reversal of UV-induced mutations by high-energy visible light or UV-A

A

Photoreactivation

71
Q

Enzyme that repairs mutant dimers, activation regulated by light

A

Photolyases

72
Q

Repair mechanism that reads through damaged sites and inserts A’s regardless of original sequence

A

Error-prone repair (aka SOS repair system)

73
Q

Types or recombination mechanisms

A

Homologous, Site-specific, Illegitimate

74
Q

No information in 2 strands lost; Recombination is reciprocal

A

Crossover

75
Q

One duplex donates sequence info; Recombination is nonreciprocal

A

Gene conversion

76
Q

Mechanisms for homologous recombination

A

Single-stranded annealing, Double-strand break repair, One-sided invasion

77
Q

The type of recombination that occurs during meiosis

A

Double-stranded break repair

78
Q

Where does site-specific recombination occur in mammals ?

A

In the rearrangement of immunoglobulin genes in B and T cells

79
Q

Where does site-specific recombination occur in plants ?

A

In chloroplast DNA replication, and rearrangement of mitochondrial DNA

80
Q

T or F. Plastids and mitochondria are autonomous.

A

False!!

81
Q

T or F. Some plants lack IR regions

A

True!! (certain legumes, conifers, and algae)

82
Q

Plastid genome sizes vary greatly mostly because of ____.

A

Inverted repeats

83
Q

Generally have smaller genomes

A

Non-photosynthetic plants

84
Q

Generally have larger genomes

A

Algae

85
Q

Which is larger, ctDNA or mtDNA ?

A

mtDNA

86
Q

Which has fewer genes, mtDNA or ctDNA?

A

mtDNA

87
Q

Mitichondrial genes:

A

Oxidative respiration (e- transport), ATP synthesis, and Mitochondrial translation

88
Q

DNA transferred between organelles and nuclei

A

Promiscuous DNA

Plant Biotechnology (8 decks)

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