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Plant Biotechnology > Replication and Repair > Flashcards

Replication and Repair Flashcards

1
Q

If re-replication occurs before mitosis. Chromosome number may be increased and cause _____.

A

Polyploidy

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2
Q

If mitosis occurs before replication is complete. Chromosome may be lost and cause ____.

A

Aneuploidy

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3
Q

Regulate progression through cell cycle

A

Cell dependent cycle (Cdc) proteins

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4
Q

Another name for cell dependent proteins

A

Cyclins

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5
Q

In which phase does nucleotide biosynthesis take place ?

A

late G1

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6
Q

In which phase does histone biosynthesis take place ?

A

early S

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7
Q

When are pre-initiation replication complexes formed?

A

late G1

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8
Q

What does Cdc7p phosphorylate?

A

MCM5

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9
Q

Which phase inhibits re-replication during S phase?

A

Telophase

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10
Q

Which kinase inhibits mitosis in G1 phase ?

A

Cdc6

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11
Q

Which enzyme inhibits mitosis in S phase ?

A

DNAPII

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12
Q

What is ori?

A

Origin of replication?

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13
Q

What is a DNA segment replication from one ori?

A

Replicon

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14
Q

Replicated early in S phase (chromatin)

A

Euchromatin

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15
Q

Replicated late (chromatin)

A

Heterochromatin

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16
Q

Replicate late

A

Telomeres

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17
Q

ORC

A

Origin replication complex (1st complex)

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18
Q

Which complex is the docking point for regulatory proteins and interacts with DNAP ?

A

ORC

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19
Q

Which complex is formed only during early G1 phase and is phosphorylated by CDK?

A

Cdc6

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20
Q

Which activated complex associates with ORC when mitotic kinase is absent?

A

Cdc6p (also platform for MCM)

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21
Q

Which complexes are localized in the nucleus during G1 phase?

A

Cdc45 and MCM

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22
Q

Which activated complex stabilized MCM proteins to form complex

A

Cdc45p

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23
Q

Which complex may function as DNA helicase and begin strand separation?

A

MCM

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24
Q

Which complex exits pre-initiation complex so that Cdc7 can enter?

A

Cdc6p

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25
Which complex completes the pre-initiation complex?
DNAP
26
Which proteins serve as "licensing factor" for initiation?
MCM proteins
27
Removes supercoils in DNA ahead of replication fork
Topoisomerase
28
Breaks H-bonds to separate strands at replication fork
Helicase
29
aka single-stranded binding protein (ssb); binds to and stabilized DNA
Replication Protein A (RP-A)
30
Specific ribonucleotide polymerases that synthesize primers
DNA Primase
31
Initiates primer synthesis with purine NTP
DNA Primase
32
Which enzymes in plants only need 1 primer and add bases to 3' end of leading strand?
DNAPII and DNAPIII
33
What is the problem with synthesizing the lagging strand with DNAPs?
Lagging strand ends with 5'-PO4 and not 3'-OH
34
T or F. Multiple primers are needed due to 3' to 5' orientation of lagging strand
True!
35
Short, discontinuous fragment composed of primer and newly added nucleotides between primer and pre-existing lagging strand
Okazaki fragment
36
Missing phosphodiester bond in sugar-phosphate backbone
Nick
37
Removes RNA primer, inserts proper deoxynucleotides
RNase H
38
Seals nicks (forms phoshodiester bonds) to create continuous lagging strand
DNA Ligase
39
Primary function of DNAPII and DNAPIII
oligonucleotide elongation
40
Primary function of DNAPI
primer synthesis
41
Function of telomeres
Maintain stable chromosome length
42
Physical and chemical stresses on DNA
oxygen, uv radiation, alkylating agents, radicals
43
By-products of what cellular function can cause deamination and alkyation?
Metabolism
44
Replacing amine group with a double-bonded oxygen (addition of H2O)
Deamination
45
A location in DNA that has neither a purine or pyrimidine
Apurinic site/ apyrimidinic site (AP site)
46
BrdU
Bromodeoxyuracil
47
In what form does BrdU base pair with A?
keto form (common form)
48
In what form does BrdU base pair with G?
enol form (ionized form)
49
Caused by uv radiation, alters the position of bases and does not permit base pairing
Pyrimidine dimers
50
Long uv, less energetic, more photons reach Earth's surface
UV-A
51
Short uv, more energetic, far fewer protons reach Earth's surface
UV-B
52
ORF
Open reading frame
53
URF
Uninterrupted reading frame
54
Loose base pairing at 3rd position
Wobble codons
55
Sequence identical to RNA (except for T for U) ; aka sense strand
Coding strand
56
Opposite strand; template for mRNA synthesis; complementary to RNA; aka anti-sense, template strand
Non-coding strand
57
Mutation induced by acridine; insert/delete 1 base; fatal for protein
Frame shift mutation
58
Purine replaced by another purine / pyrimidine replaced by another pyrimidine
Transition
59
Purine replaced by a pyrimidine / Pyrimidine replaced by a purine
Transversion
60
Triplet encodes same amino acid
Silent mutation
61
Codon specifies different but functionally equivalent amino acid
Synonymous mutation
62
Codon specifies a different and nonfunctional amino acid
Missense mutation
63
Codon signals chain termination
Nonsense mutation
64
Spontaneous mutation that restores wild type phenotype in mutant
Reversion
65
First mutation that creates mutant
Forward mutation
66
Second mutation that restores wild type phenotype
Reverse mutation
67
Exact, Equivalent, Suppression
Reversion types
68
Restores wild type function, but not sequence
Equivalent reversion
69
Second point mutation that reverses effect on non-sense mutation
Nonsense suppressors
70
Reversal of UV-induced mutations by high-energy visible light or UV-A
Photoreactivation
71
Enzyme that repairs mutant dimers, activation regulated by light
Photolyases
72
Repair mechanism that reads through damaged sites and inserts A's regardless of original sequence
Error-prone repair (aka SOS repair system)
73
Types or recombination mechanisms
Homologous, Site-specific, Illegitimate
74
No information in 2 strands lost; Recombination is reciprocal
Crossover
75
One duplex donates sequence info; Recombination is nonreciprocal
Gene conversion
76
Mechanisms for homologous recombination
Single-stranded annealing, Double-strand break repair, One-sided invasion
77
The type of recombination that occurs during meiosis
Double-stranded break repair
78
Where does site-specific recombination occur in mammals ?
In the rearrangement of immunoglobulin genes in B and T cells
79
Where does site-specific recombination occur in plants ?
In chloroplast DNA replication, and rearrangement of mitochondrial DNA
80
T or F. Plastids and mitochondria are autonomous.
False!!
81
T or F. Some plants lack IR regions
True!! (certain legumes, conifers, and algae)
82
Plastid genome sizes vary greatly mostly because of ____.
Inverted repeats
83
Generally have smaller genomes
Non-photosynthetic plants
84
Generally have larger genomes
Algae
85
Which is larger, ctDNA or mtDNA ?
mtDNA
86
Which has fewer genes, mtDNA or ctDNA?
mtDNA
87
Mitichondrial genes:
Oxidative respiration (e- transport), ATP synthesis, and Mitochondrial translation
88
DNA transferred between organelles and nuclei
Promiscuous DNA

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