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Plant Biotechnology > Nucleic Acid Structure > Flashcards

Nucleic Acid Structure Flashcards

1
Q

Posttranslational Histone Modifications

A

+Reversible
+Influence chromatin structure and function
+Govern gene activity (transcription)

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2
Q

Acetylation

A

Lysine E-amino group

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3
Q

Methylation

A

Lysine E-amino group

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4
Q

O-Phosphorylation

A

Serine, Threonine

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5
Q

N-Phosphorylation

A

Histidine, Lysine

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6
Q

Nucleosome

A

A structural unit of a eukaryotic chromosome, consisting of a length of DNA coiled around a core of histones

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7
Q

How many times does DNA wrap around a nucleosome?

A

Two times

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8
Q

Which histone is not a part of nucleosome core?

A

H1

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9
Q

Histone octamer

A

The 8 protein complex found at the center of a nucleosome core particle.

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10
Q

Which histones make up the histone octamer complex?

A

+Two H3 and H4

+Two H2A-H2B dimers

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11
Q

What modulates transcription?

A

DNA packing

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12
Q

During interphase what is the percent of DNA in heterochromatin?

A

10% (transcriptionally inactive)

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13
Q

During interphase what is the percent of DNA in euchromatin?

A

90% (10% in open state, 90% in intermediate packed state)

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14
Q

How is DNA degraded?

A

By breaking phosphodiester bonds

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15
Q

Enzymes for degradation

A

DNases
RNases
Exonucleases
Endonucleases

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16
Q

Non-enzymatic degradation

A

Very high heat (>95C)

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17
Q

How is DNA denatured?

A

By breaking H bonds

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18
Q

Enzymes for denaturing

A

Helicases

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19
Q

Non-enzymatic denaturation

A

High heat (

20
Q

Hyperchromicity

A

The increase of absorbance of a material; occurs when the DNA duplex is denatured; ssDNA absorbs ~40% more than dsDNA

21
Q

Hypochromicity

A

A decrease of absorbance of a material; dsDNA absorbs ~40% less than free nucleotides

22
Q

DNAs maximal absorbency

A

A260

23
Q

Melting temperature midpoint (Tm)

A

Temperature at midpoint of denaturation reaction

24
Q

Factors affecting Tm

A

+ G+C content
+ Ionic strength
+ Presence of chaotropic agents

25
Q

SSC Buffer

A

Standard Sodium Citrate

26
Q

Annealing

A

Forming H-bonds between two ssDNA to yield dsDNA ; depends of complementarity between ssDNA1 and ssDNA2

27
Q

Renaturation

A

Annealing of ssDNA from one source to reform dsDNA

28
Q

Hybridization

A

Annealing of ssDNA from 2 sources to form hybrid dsDNA

29
Q

Similarity

A

Proportion of bases identical in sequence

30
Q

Complementarity

A

Portion of bases in 2 ssDNA complementary to each other

31
Q

Solution hybridization method 1

A

Determine A260 (hyperchromicity)

32
Q

Solution hybridization method 2

A

Hydroxyapatite chromatography

33
Q

ssDNA elutes with ___ Pi buffer

A

low

34
Q

dsDNA elutes with ___ Pi buffer

A

high

35
Q

Filter hybridization

A

Establishes whether a solution of denatured DNA (or RNA) contains sequences complementary to the strands immobilized on the filter

36
Q

Factors affecting reassociation kinetics

A

+ Temperature (Tm=25)
+ Monovalent cations block reassociation
+ High temp weakens secondary structure
+ Time and concentration to ensure collisions
+ Size and length of DNA chain (usually shear DNA to 300 bp)

37
Q

Eukaryotes exhibit 3 components (in reassociation kinetics)

A

+ Fast
+ Intermediate
+ Slow

38
Q

Slow component repetition

A

Single copy

39
Q

Fast component repetition

A

Many copies (500,00 freq)

40
Q

Intermediate component repetition

A

Some copies (350 freq)

41
Q

C0t1/2 =

A

Fraction of genome X C0

42
Q

Complexity of unknown =

A

C0t1/2 of unknown X Complexity of standard /// C0t1/2 of standard

43
Q

Chemical complexity (genome size) =

A

Nucleic acid /// Nucleus

44
Q

Stringency

A

Control amount of mismatch permitted in reaction

45
Q

F (repetition frequency) =

A

Chemical complexity /// kinetic complexity

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