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MCM > replication > Flashcards

replication Flashcards

1
Q

helicase

A

unwinds DNA

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2
Q

topoisomerase

A

relieves overwound supercoils (Called DNA girase in bacteria)

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3
Q

single-stranded DNA-binding protein

A

binds the single-stranded DNA that has been separated

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4
Q

DNA polymerase

A

synthesizes RNA-DNA primer, synthesizes new DNA chain in 5’-3’ direction, fills in gaps

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5
Q

DNA ligase

A

seals nicks

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6
Q

spontaneous DNA damage

A

deamination and depurination. leads to either a deletion or a base pair substitution in one daughter strand

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7
Q

Depurination

A

purine base is cut off (G or A)

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8
Q

Deamination

A

amine group removed. Usually converts C to U. Also happens with A to hypoxanthine, G to Xanthine.

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9
Q

Non-ionizing damage

A

UV radiation from the sun can produce a covalent linkage between two adjacent pyrimidines (T-T or C-T) (pyrimidine dimers)

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10
Q

Ionizing damage

A

Radiation damage not caused from light. Strand breaks, 40-60 chemical modifications of bases, DNA-protein cross-links (eg. thymine -tyrosine cross-link). Crosslinking agents, alkylating agents, intercalating agents (ethidium bromide)

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11
Q

methylated cytosines

A

deamination of methyl-C produces T mistmatched with G. Only 3% of C are methylated but this problem accounts for 1/3 of all point mutations associated with inherited human diseases.

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12
Q

Direct Repair (enzymatic repair)

A

repairs pyrimidine dimers (DNA photolyase), 06-methylguanine (Methylguanine methyltransferase)

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13
Q

Base Excision repair (BER)

A

single-base mismatches, nondistorting alterations (e.g. depurination). Caused by damage in DNA glycolases, AP endonuclease, AP lyase (of DNA polymerase), DNA polymerase, DNA ligase

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14
Q

Nucleotide Excision repair (NER)

A

Chemical adducts that distort DNA (eg. pyrimidine dimers, BPDE-guanine adducts, cisplatin adducts). Caused by damage to NER protein complex, DNA polymerase, DNA ligase. Disease associated-Xeroderma pigmentosum.

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15
Q

Mismatch excision repair (MER)

A

mismatched base in daughter strand. Caused by damage to MER complex, helicase/endonuclease, DNA polymerase, DNA ligase. Disease associated- Hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancers

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16
Q

Recombination repair

  • nonhomologous end joining (NHEJ)
  • homologous recombination
A

double-strand breaks, interstrand cross-linking.

17
Q

Non-homologous end Joining (NHEJ)

A

damaged ends filled in and joined; some base pairs may be missing. Caused by multiple proteins and enzymes including DNA ligase

18
Q

Homologous recombination

A

exonucleases, DNA polymerase, MER system. Damaged duplex repair using information on undamaged homologous duplex. Disease associated- BRCA1/2 breast cancer

19
Q

Transcription-coupled repair (TCR) (proofreading)

A

stalled RNA polymerase during transcription(not replication). Disease associated- cockayne syndrome

MCM (10 decks)

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