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Essential Medical Science (UoL, Medicine) > Repair and Regeneration > Flashcards

Repair and Regeneration Flashcards

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USMLE® Step 1 flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What are the 2 forms of healing?

A

Regeneration and repair

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2
Q

What is healing by regeneration?

A

Cells replaced by like cells and tissue regains function

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3
Q

What is healing by repair?

A

Cells cannot be replaced by like cells and so fibrosis and scarring occur. There is a loss of specialised function.

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4
Q

What are the characteristics of labile cell populations?

A

High turnover
Active stem cell population
Excellent regenerative capacity

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5
Q

Name a location where labile cell populations are found

A

Epithelia

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6
Q

What are the characteristics of quiescent cell populations?

A

Low turnover
Good regenerative capacity
Turnover can massively increase if required

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7
Q

Name two locations where quiescent cell populations are found

A

Liver

Renal tubules

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8
Q

What are the characteristics of permanent cell populations?

A

Zero turnover
Zero regenerative capacity
Long life span

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9
Q

Which condition observes a collapse of reticular framework in the liver?

A

Cirrhosis

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10
Q

What are the characteristics of stem cells

A

A prolonged self renewal
An asymmetric replication
Crucial to regeneration

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11
Q

When does repair occur?

A

When the normal structure cannot be replaced

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12
Q

What are the consequences of healing by repair?

A

Functional

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13
Q

What are the characteristics of healing by repair?

A

Basic stereotyped pathological process
Repair of specialised tissue by formation of fibrous scar
Granulation tissue in abundance

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14
Q

What are the three components of granulation tissues?

A

New capillary loops
Phagocytic cells (Neutrophils and macrophages)
Myofibroblasts

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15
Q

What are the steps of new vessel formation?

A

Endothelial cell proliferation
Buds
Canalisation
New vessels

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16
Q

What is the function of phagocytes in granulation tissue?

A

Remove dead/damaged tissue

17
Q

What is the function of myofibriblasts in granulation tissue?

A

Synthesis collagen and ECM

18
Q

What 3 categories can oesophageal peptic ulcers be grouped into?

A

Intrinsic diseases

Extrinsic diseases

Functional

19
Q

What is the pathophysiology of intrinsic forms of oesophageal peptic ulcers?

A

Narrow the lumen through inflammation, fibrosis or neoplasia

20
Q

What is the pathophysiology of extrinsic forms of oesophageal peptic ulcers?

A

Compromise the lumen by direct invasion or lymph node enlargement

21
Q

What is the pathophysiology of functional forms of oesophageal peptic ulcers?

A

Disrupt oesophageal peristalsis

Lower oesophageal sphincter function

Both via affects on smooth muscle and it’s innervation

22
Q

What are some causes of oesophageal peptic ulcers?

A 
Acid
Infectious
Congenital
Drug induced
Autoimmune
Iatrogenic
Radiation
23
Q

As vascularity and cellularity of granulation tissue decrease, what increases?

A

Collagen
ECM
Wound strength

24
Q

What are some local factors inhibiting healing?

A 
Infection
Haematoma
Foreign bodies
Mechanical stress
Blood supply
25
Q

What are some systemic factors inhibiting healing?

A 
Age
Drugs
Anaemia
Diabetes
Malnutrition
Catabolic states
Vitamin C deficiency 
Trace metal deficiency
26
Q

What are the predisposing factors to healing by first intention?

A

Clean, uninfected surgical wound
Good homeostasis
Edges opposed with sutures or staples

27
Q

What are the predisposing factors to healing by second intention?

A

Wound edges unopposed

Greater extensive scarring

28
Q

What are the steps to fracture healing?

A

Removal of necrotic fragments
Osteoblasts lay down woven bone
Remodelling according to mechanical stress
Replacement by lamellar bone

29
Q

What causes non-union of fractures?

A 
Misalignment
Infection
Movement
Pre-existing bone pathology
Interposed soft tissue
30
Q

What is different about healing in the brain compared to healing in other tissues?

A

Supporting tissue is giant cells rather than collagen and fibroblasts, hence damaged tissue is removed often leaving a cyst

Gliosis rather than scarring

31
Q

Generally, is EGF secreted from and what is its function?

A

Secreted from: macrophages and platelets

Function: Stimulates granulation tissue formation

32
Q

Generally, where is TGF secret from and what is its function?

A

Secreted from: Macrophages and platelets

Function: Chemotactic agent and inhibits production of MMPs

33
Q

Generally, where is platelet derived growth factor secreted from and what is its function?

A

Macrophages and platelets

Chemotactic agent and stimulates angiogenesis

34
Q

Where is TNF secreted from and what is its function?

A

Macrophages, mast cells and T Lymphocytes

Activates macrophages and regulates other cytokines

Essential Medical Science (UoL, Medicine) (9 decks)

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