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Essential Medical Science (UoL, Medicine) > Acute Inflammation > Flashcards

Acute Inflammation Flashcards

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USMLE® Step 1 flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What is acute inflammation?

A

A basic pathologic process involving a non specific reaction to tissue damage

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2
Q

What are the two types of healing?

A

By regeneration

By repair

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3
Q

If the cells can regrow after inflammation has occurred what type of healing follows?

A

By regeneration

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4
Q

If the cells cannot regrow after inflammation has occurred what type of healing follows?

A

By repair

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5
Q

If the damaging agent persists, what is the resulting condition?

A

Chronic inflammation

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6
Q

Give two benefits of acute inflammation

A

Clear away dead tissues

Locally protect from infection and allow access of immune system components

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7
Q

What are the cardinal signs of acute inflammation?

A 
Calor
Rubor
Dolor
Tumour 
Functio Lesae
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8
Q

What is the additional clinical feature of serious inflammation?

A

An outpouring of serious fluid

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9
Q

What are the three clinical features of acute inflammation?

A

Vascular reaction

Exudative reaction

Cellular reaction

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10
Q

What are the key events in vascular reaction?

A

Dilatation and changes in blood flow

Microvascular dilatation

Increased permeability

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11
Q

What are the mediating factors which cause vascular reaction?

A 
Histamine
Bradykinin
Nitrous Oxide
Leyukotrine B4
Complement
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12
Q

What are the non mediating factors which cause vascular reaction?

A

Direct damage to the endothelium

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13
Q

Describe the Frank-Starling relationship

A

An intrinsic property of myocardium by which increased length (or ventricular volume) results in enhanced performance during the subsequent contraction

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14
Q

What are the key events in exudative reaction?

A

Formation of inflammatory exudate which is protein rich and filed with immunoglobulins and fibrinogen

Exudate is constantly turning over and aids with: dilution of noxious agents, transport to lymph nodes, supply of nutrients and spread of inflammatory agents

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15
Q

What are the key events in cellular reaction?

A

Migration of inflammatory cells out of vessels

Accumulation of neutrophils in extracellular space and in severe cases with cellular debris and bacteria to form pus

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16
Q

Where are neutrophils produced?

A

In the bone marrow

17
Q

Neutrophils are motile and amoeboid. How does this help them carry out their function?

A

Allows them to easily migrate to tissues

Margination -> Rolling-Adhesion ->Migration

18
Q

What are the cell derived mediators of acute inflammation?

A 
Prostaglandins
Leukotrienes
Cytokines
Nitrous Oxide
Chemokine's
Histamine (only one that is stored an not synthesised)
19
Q

What are the plasma derived mediators of acute inflammation?

A

Kinin system
Clotting pathway
Thrombolytic Pathway
Complement Pathway

20
Q

Which 2 key mediating factors lead to vascular dilatation?

A

Histamine and Nitrous Oxide

21
Q

Which 3 key mediating factors lead to neutrophil adhesion?

A

IL-8
IL-1
TNF

22
Q

Which key mediating factor leads to neutrophil chemotaxis?

A

IL-8

23
Q

What are the usual blood tests carried out to assess for inflammation?

A

FBC
ESR
CRP

24
Q

What is systemic inflammatory response syndrome?

A

An inflammatory state affecting the whole body, usually related or due to sepsis

25
Q

What are the causes for systemic inflammatory response syndrome classified into?

A

Infectious or Non Infectious

26
Q

How is systemic inflammatory response treated?

A

Treatment is directed toward the underlying problem or inciting cause

27
Q

What is Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome?

A

A severe, life-threatening medical condition characterised by widespread inflammation in the lungs meaning that they can’t provide enough O2 to the body

28
Q

What is acute respiratory distress syndrome caused by?

A

No specific cause, but usually due to a complication of an existing health condition

Can develop quickly as a result of pneumonia

29
Q

What is chronic granulomatous disease?

A

An inherited disorder of phagocytic cells where the cells develop an inability to produce bactericidal superoxide anions

30
Q

What does chronic granulomatous disease lead to?

A

Recurrent life threatening bacterial and fungal infections

31
Q

What is the causative biochemical factor in chronic granulomatous disease?

A

Deficit in NADPH

32
Q

What is hereditary angio-oedema?

A

Autosomal dominantly inherited blood disorder which causes episodic attacks of swelling

33
Q

Explain the two types of hereditary angio-oedema

A

T1: deficiency in blood proteins

T2: less frequent than T1

34
Q

What is the treatment for hereditary angio-oedema

A

ACE inhibitors

35
Q

What is amyloidosis?

A

An accumulation of inappropriately folded proteins called amyloids

Essential Medical Science (UoL, Medicine) (9 decks)

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