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Essential Medical Science (UoL, Medicine) > Immunopathology > Flashcards

Immunopathology Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards USMLE® Step 1 flashcards
1
Q

What are pattern recognition receptors?

A

proteins expressed by cells of the innate immune system to identify two classes of molecules: pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs), which are associated with microbial pathogens, and damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs)

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2
Q

What are the following examples of?

Defensins
Cathelin
Protegrin
Granulysin
Histatin
A

Antimicrobial Peptides

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3
Q

Name 4 cell types in the innate immune system?

A 
Macrophages
Dendritic Cells
NK Cells
T Cells
White cell line
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4
Q

Which compliment pathways contribute to the innate immune system?

A

Classic and Alternative complement pathways

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5
Q

What are the 2 groups of pattern recognition receptors?

A

Cell surface and Fluid Phase Soluble

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6
Q

What are the fluid phase recognition molecules?

A

A group of microbial complex carbohydrates that bind via carbohydrate recognition domains

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7
Q

What family of molecules are examples of fluid phase recognition molecules?

A

Collectins, belonging to the C-Type Lectin Family

Collectins: Mannan Binding Lectin
Surfactant protein A+D

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8
Q

What are some roles of the fluid phase recognition molecules?

A

Neutralising pathogens

Recruitment of adaptive response

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9
Q

What activates the classical pathway?

A

Antigen:Antibody complex at pathogen surface

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10
Q

What activates the MB-Lectin pathway?

A

Mannose-binding lectin binding mannose on pathogen surface

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11
Q

What activates the alternative pathway?

A

Pathogen surfaces

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12
Q

At which point do all pathways converge?

A

C3 convertase

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13
Q

What are the effects of IL1?

A

Increased coagulation
Increased inflammation
Increased fever
Increased acute phase proteins

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14
Q

What are the sources of IL1?

A

Macrophages

Epithelium

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15
Q

What are the sources of TNF?

A

Macrophages

T-Lymphocytes

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16
Q

What are the effects of TNF?

A

Increased coagulation
Increased inflammation
Increased fever
Increased acute phase proteins

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17
Q

What are the effects of IL6?

A

Increased acute phase proteins

Increase in proliferation of B cells

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18
Q

What are the sources of IL6?

A

Macrophages
T Lymphocytes
Endothelium

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19
Q

What are the sources of IL23?

A

Macrophages

Dendrites

20
Q

What are the effects of IL23?

A

Increase in IL17

21
Q

What are the major roles of a macrophage in innate immunity?

A

Phagocytose and kill bacteria
Produce AMPs
Bind LPS
Produce inflammatory cytokines

22
Q

What are the major roles of dendritic cells in innate immunity?

A

Produce large amounts of IFN which has antitumor and antiviral activity
Found in T cell zones of lymphoid organs
Circulate in blood

23
Q

What are the major roles of NK cells in innate immunity?

A

Kill foreign and host cells that have low levels of MHC + self peptides
Express NK receptors that inhibit NK function in the presence of high expression of MHC

24
Q

What are the major roles of Neutrophils in innate immunity?

A

Phagocytose and kill bacteria

Produce ANPs

25
Q

What is the major role of eosinophils in innate immunity?

A

Kill invading parasites

26
Q

What are the major roles of mast cells and basophils in innate immunity?

A

Release TNF, IL6, IFN in response to bacterial PAMPs

27
Q

What is the role of epithelial cells in innate immunity?

A

Produce AMPs

Tissue specific epithelia produce mediator of local innate immunity

28
Q

What is the adaptive immune response?

A

An evolution in response to changing pathogen structures

29
Q

How does the adaptive immune response generate diversity?

A

Utilises existing systems to generate diversity of antigen receptors

30
Q

What is the mechanism of antigen presentation?

A
  1. ) Antigens are internalised
  2. ) Broken down to peptides
  3. ) Peptides associate with newly synthesised class 2 molecules and are brought to the cell surface
  4. ) If peptides are foreign, they are recognised by helper T cells which are then activated
  5. ) Helper T cells produce cytokines
31
Q

Which cell type do MHC1 proteins present peptides to?

A

Cytotoxic T cells

32
Q

Which cell type do MHC2 proteins present peptides to?

A

Helper T cells

33
Q

How does binding of antibodies to antigens inactivate them?

A

Neutralisation: blocks viral binding sites or coats bacteria

Agglutination of microbes

Precipitation of dissolved antigens

Activation of complement system (leads to lysis)

34
Q

What is immunosuppression?

A

A natural or artificial process which turns off the immune response partially, or fully, accidentally or on purpose

35
Q

What is immunodeficiency?

A

The lack of an efficient immune system, increasing susceptibility to infections

36
Q

What is hypersensitivity?

A

Undesirable, damaging, discomfort-producing and sometimes fatal reactions produced by the normal immune system, in a pre sensitised host

37
Q

What are the 4 types of hypersensitivity?

A
  1. ) IgE mediated
  2. ) Cytotoxic reaction
  3. ) Immune complex reaction
  4. ) Cell mediated reaction
38
Q

What is the immunopathology of Type 1 hypersensitivity reaction?

A

IgE Ab mediated mast cell and basophil degranulation releases preformed (histamine) and newly synthesised (leukotrienes) inflammatory mediators

39
Q

What are the clinical features of anaphylactic reactions?

A

Fast onset
Weal and flare
Can have a late 2nd phase response

40
Q

What are the common antigens for type 1 reactions?

A

Pollen, Bee venom, animal dander

41
Q

What are some characteristics of IgE?

A

Produced by plasma cells from class switched B cells under the control of IL4 and CD40L-CD40 interaction

Extremely low serum levels

High affinity receptor

Permits stable binding over long periods

42
Q

Describe the early phase response of type 1 reactions at the mast cell

A

FCR1 present at high density

Cross linking of FCR1 by allergen leads to activation of was cell resulting in degranulation and synthesis of lipid mediators

43
Q

What does histamine do in the body?

A

Stimulation of irritant nerve receptors

Smooth muscle contraction

Increase in vascular permeability

44
Q

What does kallikrein do?

A

Activates bradykinin

45
Q

What are some characteristics of eosinophils in the late phase response?

A

Granules contain cytotoxic proteins

Attracted to site of allergic inflammation by chemokines

In tissues they release contents of granules

46
Q

What is the major source of pathogenesis in allergic responses?

A

Cytokine driven activity

Essential Medical Science (UoL, Medicine) (9 decks)

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