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FA - Renal > Renal12 > Flashcards

Renal12 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the potential severe complications of kidney stones?

A
  • Hydronephrosis

- Pyelonephritis

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2
Q

What is the composition of the 4 types of kideny stones? and the relative frequency?

A
  • Calcium (80%)
  • Ammonium Mg++ PO4- (struvite) (15%)
  • Uric acid (5%)
  • Cystine (1%)
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3
Q

What types are radiopaque on X-ray?

A
  • Calcium
  • Ammonium Mg++ PO4-
  • Cystine
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4
Q

What do you see on X-ray for Uric acid stones?

A

NOTHING! (Radiolucent)

*Visible on CT and ultrasound

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5
Q

Calcium precipitates at?

A

High pH: calcium phosphate

Low pH: calcium oxalate

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6
Q

Ammonium Mg++ PO4- (struvite) preciptates at?

A

High pH

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7
Q

Uric acid precipitates at?

A

Low pH

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8
Q

Cystine precipitates at?

A

Low pH

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9
Q

Calcium oxalate crystals can result from?

A
  • Hypercalcemic conditions
  • Ethylene glycol (antifreeze)
  • Vitamin C abuse
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10
Q

What is the most common kidney stone presentation?

A

Calcium Oxalate stone w

-Hypercalcium or Normocalcemia

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11
Q

What is the treatment for recurrent calcium stones?

A

Thiazides & citrate

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12
Q

What are “struvite” stones caused by?

A

Infection w/ urease positive bugs that hydrolyze urea to ammonia -> Urine Alkinalization

  • Proteus mirabilis
  • Staphylococcus
  • Kliebsiella
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13
Q

“Struvite” stones associated with what?

A

Staghorn calculi

-can be nidus for UTIs

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14
Q

How do you treat Uric Acid stones?

A

Alkalinization of urine

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15
Q

When do you see Uric Acid stones?

A
  • Strong association with hyperuricemia (e.g., gout)

- Diseases w/ HIGH cell turnover (e.g., leukemia)

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16
Q

How do you treat Cystine stones?

A

Alkalinization of urine

17
Q

What is the shape of cystine stones?

A

Hexagonal crystals

18
Q

Cystine stones are most often due to what?

A

2˚ cystinuria

19
Q

Hydronephrosis:

-Characteristics

A
  • Back-up of urine into the kidney
  • Dilation of renal pelvis and calyces proximal to obstruction
  • May resul in parenchymal thinning in chronic, severe cases
20
Q

Hydronephrosis:

-Causes

A
  • Urinary tract obstruction

- Vesicoureteral reflex

FA - Renal (16 decks)

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