Renal/Uro

Question 1

Foreskin trapped behind the coronal sulcus after it is retracted.

Answer 1

Paraphimosis

Question 2

Inability to pull back the foreskin

Answer 2

Phimosis

Question 3

Inflammation of the glans penis and foreskin in uncircumcised males

Answer 3

Balanoposthitis

Question 4

Patients with undescended testes are at an increased risk of what?

Answer 4

Malignancy - both in the undescended teste and the contralateral one. Most commonly seminoma

Question 5

Management of cryptorchidism

Answer 5

Monitor for first 6 months as some will spontaneously descend. Refer for orchiplexy betwen 6-18 months

Question 6

X-linked or AR disorder with initially microscopic hematuria which progresses to gross hematuria. Also with progressive sensorineural hearing loss

Answer 6

Alport syndrome

Question 7

Complications of ARPKD if infant survives neonatal period

Answer 7

Hepatic complications: including portal HTN from hepatic fibrosis, cholangitis associated with dilation of bile ducts, esophageal varices and hypersplenism, thrombocytopenia and splenic sequestration

Question 8

When should you repair a varicocele?

Answer 8

atrophy of left testes, when volume of affected testis is less than that of the unaffected testis, decreased sperm count, right sided involvement, or with chronic moderate-severe pain

Question 9

Triad of undescended testis, GU anomalies, and partial aplasia or hypoplasia of abdominal musculature

Answer 9

Prune belly syndrome, or Eagle-Barrett syndrome

Question 10

Most effective long term treatment of nocturnal enuresis

Answer 10

Bed wetting alarms

Question 11

Palpable abdominal mass with weak urinary stream in an infant

Answer 11

Posterior urethral valves

Question 12

Medications/toxins that can cause type 1 RTA

Answer 12

Toluene, amphotericin B, lithium and cisplatin

Question 13

Affected testes lies in horizontal plane rather than vertical and sits higher

Answer 13

Testicular torsion

Question 14

When should you refer a hydrocele for surgical evaluation?

Answer 14

past 1 year of age. Otherwise can observe as long as no signs of obstruction/incarceration

Question 15

Symptoms that mimic a renal stone with US findings of hydronephrosis, dilation of renal pelvis, and blunting of calyces with absence of dilation of ureter

Answer 15

ureteropelvic junction obstruction

Question 16

What is elevated in acute post streptococcal GN when impetigo was the strep infection

Answer 16

DNase B antibody

Question 17

1-2 days testicular pain with a tender mass on the upper pole of the testis

Answer 17

Torsion of the appendix testis

Question 18

Comparison of total body fluid to body fat content

Answer 18

Total body fluid is inversely related to body fat content. The MORE fat you get as you age, your total body water decreases. At birth 80% of weight is water, at 10 years, 60% of weight is water. ICW increases and ECW decreases with age as well

Question 19

Next steps in an infant with significant hypospadias

Answer 19

Should evaluate for defects in sexual differentiate: karoytype, FSH, LH, testosterone, urinary 17 ketosteroids and 17 hydroxycorticosteroids

Question 20

When do you circumcise with hypospadias

Answer 20

As long as foreskin is not impeding urine flow - should defer until 6-18 months of age

Question 21

Management of priapism in sickle cell disease

Answer 21

IV hydration and pain medications. If does not respond, then intracavernous injection of phenylephrine with blood evacuation and irrigation

Question 22

Renal tubular acidosis associated with fanconi syndrome

Answer 22

Type 2 (proximal)

Question 23

Renal tubular acidosis associated with nephrolithiasis and nephrocalcinosis

Answer 23

Type 1 (distal)

Question 24

Renal tubular acidosis associated with hyperkalemia, adrenal failure, CAH And DM

Answer 24

Type 4 (mineralocorticoid deficient)

Question 25

Urine anion gap in GI bicarb losses

Answer 25

negative - this is indicative of normal handling of acidosis by the kidneys