Renal System

Question 1

Urethra

Answer 1

Tube that carries urine from bladder to exterior of body

Question 2

Renal hilum

Answer 2

Concave cleft for entry/exit from the kidney

Question 3

Hematuria

Answer 3

Blood in the urine

Question 4

What separates the renal pyramids?

Answer 4

Renal columns of cortical tissue

Question 5

Pyelonephritis

Answer 5

Infection/inflammation of the kidney

Question 6

What are the 5 arteries that enter the kidney?

Answer 6

Renal, segmental, interlobar, arcuate, cortical radiate

Question 7

What are the 2 cell types of the collecting duct and what is their function?

Answer 7

1)Principal cells-salt/water balance
2)Intercalated-acid/base balance (microvilli)

Question 8

Filtrate

Answer 8

Plasma-derived fluid that is created by filtration in the glomerulus

Question 9

What are the 2 layers of the Bowman’s capsule?

Answer 9

Parietal and visceral (podocytes)

Question 10

Collecting ducts

Answer 10

Receive filtrate from many nephrons and form minor calyces to deliver urine

Question 11

2 types of nephrons

Answer 11

Cortical (peritubular capillaries) and juxtamedullary (vasa recta)

Question 12

Where do the afferent arterioles arise from?

Answer 12

Cortical radiate arteries

Question 13

What do the efferent arterioles feed into?

Answer 13

Peritubular capillaries/vasa recta

Question 14

Macula densa cells

Answer 14

Line the walls of the ascending limb of the Loop of Henle, that monitor NaCl content

Question 15

Granular cells

Answer 15

Line the arteriole wall and sense bp

Question 16

Extraglomerular mesangial cells

Answer 16

Connect the arterioles to the tubule and send signals between them

Question 17

3 processes for urine formation

Answer 17

1)Glomerular filtration
2)Tubular reabsorption (filtrate to blood)
3)Tubular secretion (blood to filtrate)

Question 18

Filtrate vs urine

Answer 18

Filtrate contains everything in blood except proteins, whereas urine is everything unneeded that is excreted

Question 19

3 parts of the filtration membrane

Answer 19

1)Fenestrated glomeruli
2)Basement membrane
3)Podocytes

Question 20

What pressure is in charge of filtration in the glomerulus?

Answer 20

Hydrostatic pressure of the glomerular capillaries

Question 21

3 regulatory mechanisms on GFR

Answer 21

1)Renal autoregulation
2)Neural controls
3)Renin-angiotensin system

Question 22

2 controls of renal autoregulation

Answer 22

1)Myogenic
2)Tubuloglomerular feedback

Question 23

Myogenic controls

Answer 23

Constriction of arterioles when there is increased bp, so the nephron does not receive high-pressure

Question 24

Tubuloglomerular feedback

Answer 24

Directed by the amount of NaCl in the filtrate; eg. high NaCl=constriction of afferent arteriole (so previous filtrate can be reabsorbed)

Question 25

Renin

Answer 25

Release by granular cells to increase BP

Question 26

2 types of tubular reabsorption

Answer 26

Transcellular (from apical to basal end of cell) or paracellular (through gap junctions that connect cells)

Question 27

Transport maximum

Answer 27

Number of transport proteins able to ferry a particular substance; when saturated, excess is excreted

Question 28

What is a diuretic?

Answer 28

Substance that enhances urinary output

Question 29

What is the pigment in urine?

Answer 29

Urochrome

Question 30

Micturition

Answer 30

Act of emptying the bladder

Question 31

3 things that will allow for micturition

Answer 31

1)Contraction of detrusor muscles 2)Opening of internal urethral sphincter 3)Opening of external urethral sphincter

Question 32

Incontinence

Answer 32

The inability to control micturition voluntarily

Question 33

Urine retention

Answer 33

Inability to expel urine

Question 34

Stress incontinence

Answer 34

A sudden increase in abdominal pressure that forces urine through the external urethral sphincter

Question 35

Trigone of the urinary bladder

Answer 35

Imaginary lines that connect both openings of the ureters and the urethra

Question 36

Peritoneal dialysis

Answer 36

Dialysate is infused into the peritoneal cavity which encourages filtration

Question 37

2 compartments of body fluid

Answer 37

Intra- and extra-cellular

Question 38

2 compartments of extracellular fluid

Answer 38

Interstitial and plasma

Question 39

Electrolytes

Answer 39

Chemical compounds that dissociate into ions (charged particles: conduct electrical current) in water

Question 40

Routes of water output

Answer 40

Urination, exhalation, sweat, feces

Question 41

What happens in response to increased plasma osmolality?

Answer 41

Thirst and increased ADH

Question 42

What happens in response to decreased plasma osmolality?

Answer 42

No thirst and decreased ADH

Question 42

Factors that trigger thirst

Answer 42

Increased plasma osmolality and decreased blood volume

Question 43

Edema

Answer 43

Increased interstitial fluid volume (tissue swelling)

Question 44

Functions of ANP

Answer 44

Inhibit aldosterone and ADH and induces vasodilation

Question 45

Calcitonin

Answer 45

Released to decrease blood calcium levels

Question 46

3 targets for PTH to increase calcium levels

Answer 46

bone, small intestine, kidneys