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Immune System Flashcards

1
Q

Elements of blood

A

Plasma & formed elements

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2
Q

What make up the formed elements?

A

Platelets, leukocytes & erythocytes

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3
Q

5 types of leukocytes

A

Neutrophils, Lymphocytes, Monocytes, Eosinophils, Basophils

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4
Q

What are the 2 main categories of leukocytes?

A

Granulocytes & Agranulocytes

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5
Q

Which leukocytes are classified by granulocytes?

A

Neutrophils, Eosinophils & Basophils; which have lobed nuclei

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6
Q

Which leukocytes are classified by agranulocytes?

A

Lymphocytes & monocytes

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7
Q

2 types of lymphocytes

A

T & B cells

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8
Q

Which leukocytes differentiate into macrophages?

A

Monocytes

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9
Q

Antimicrobial proteins in a neutrophil

A

Defensins

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10
Q

Respiratory burst

A

A way that neutrophils can kill bacteria; by producing bleach or hydrogen peroxide

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11
Q

Leukopoiesis

A

Production of white blood cells

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12
Q

Where do all leukocytes originate from?

A

A hemocytoblast

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13
Q

2 branching pathways from a hemocytoblast

A

Myeloid and lymphoid stem cells

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14
Q

What do lymphoid stem cells produce?

A

Lymphocytes

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15
Q

What do lymphoid stem cells produce?

A

Granulocytes and monocytes

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16
Q

Leukopenia

A

Abnormal low WBC count; commonly induced by drugs

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17
Q

Leukemia

A

Cancerous overproduction of an abnormal WBC (creating clones of it); impair bone marrow function

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18
Q

Difference between acute and chronic leukemia

A

Acute: Fast acting; affects stem cells
Chronic: Slow acting; affects later cell stages

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19
Q

Infectious mononucleosis “mono”

A

Results in high numbers of atypical agranulocytes; caused by the Epstein-Barr virus

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20
Q

2 intrinsic defense systems of the Immune system

A

Innate and Adaptive

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21
Q

Innate defense system

A

Has 1st (skin and mucosae) and 2nd line of defense; protects against foreign substances without being specific

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22
Q

Adaptive defense system

A

3rd line of defense; attacks particular foreign substances and takes longer to react

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23
Q

Types of adaptive defenses

A

B (humoral) & T (cellular) cells

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24
Q

Phagolysosome

A

Fusion of a phagosome and a lysosome to destroy pathogens

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25
How does the phagocyte recognize a pathogen?
Through its carbohydrate signature
26
Opsonization
Any pathogen coated with opsonins; helps to accelerate phagocytosis
27
Natural killer (NK) cells
Eliminate a variety of pathogens based on abnormalities on cell body surface; nonphagocytic, as they rather induce apoptosis when there is a lack a certain receptor (MHC)
28
4 cardinal signs if inflammation is present?
Redness, heat, swelling and pain (5th: impaired function)
29
How to identify an inflammatory illness?
The organs name and ending with -itis
30
Mast cells
Initiate local inflammatory responses against foreign substances; releases histamine
31
Immune response of histamine
Vasodilation/increased capillary permeability
32
Hyperemia
Increased blood flow
33
Exudate
Fluid (with clotting factors and antibodies) seeps into the tissue from the blood
34
Edema
Local swelling
35
4 steps of phagocytic mobilization
1)Leukocytosis 2)Margination 3)Diapedesis 4)Chemotaxis
36
Diapedesis
Flattening and squeezing of phagocytes into the impacted tissue
37
Chemotactic agents
Chemical agents that were released from the site of injury that guide the WBCs
38
Antimicrobial proteins
Attack and hinder ability to reproduce of microorganisms; interferons and complement
39
Interferons
Proteins secreted from infected cells, that protect uninfected neighboring cells from takeover; molecules then bind to other cells which then block viral reproduction
40
Complement
Plasma proteins that normally circulate inactively, when activated they destroy foreign substances and enhance inflammation
41
3 pathways that complement can be activated
Classical, lectin and alternative
42
Membrane attack complexes (MACs)
Insert on target cell membrane and allow water to enter the cell
43
Antigen
Specific foreign substances and mobilize the adaptive defenses; can be complete or incomplete
44
Humoral immunity
Antibodies (present in blood/lymph) that mark and inactivate extracellular targets for destruction by phagocytes
45
Cellular immunity
Lymphocytes act directly or indirectly against the target cell
46
4 key characteristics of the adaptive immune system
1)Involves T/B cells 2)Is specific 3)Is systemic 4)Has memory
47
Self-antigens
Proteins that cover cells (eg. MHC proteins); lymphocytes are self-tolerant (will not attack its own antigen)
48
Clonal selection
Activation of a B/T cell when binding to an antigen
49
Positive selection
Recognize MHC
50
Negative selection
Do NOT recognize self-antigen bond to MHC
51
3 major types of APCs
Dendritic cells, macrophages and B lymphocytes
52
What signal shows that a B or T cell has achieved immunocompetence?
That they have specific antigen receptors on their surface
53
When are B cells activated?
When antigens bind to surface receptors, cross-linking them
54
Plasma cells
Release antibodies, which bind to free antigens and mark them
55
Memory cells
Clone B cells that did not turn into plasma cells; provide immediate response to repeated exposure
56
2 ways to acquire active immunity
1)Naturally: Contact with pathogen 2)Artificially: Vaccine
57
2 ways to acquire passive immunity
1)Naturally: Passage of mother's antibodies to a fetus 2)Artificially: Injection of antibody serum
58
How are antibodies created?
Through the secretion of plasma cells (B cells)
59
What chains make up an antibody?
2 light and 2 heavy chains
60
Regions of the antibody
Variable (V) and constant (c)
61
What does the variable region do?
Location for antigen binding
62
What does the constant region do?
Determine antibodies function
63
5 major antibody classes
M, A, D, G, E
64
What are the defense mechanisms that antibodies can initiate to destroy antigens?
Neutralization, Agglutination, Precipitation & complement activation
65
Neutralization
Antibodies block sites on antigens
66
Agglutination
As antibodies have 2 antigen binding sites they can clump them together
67
Precipitation
Increasing solubility of the antigen so it can phagocytose easier
68
What do CD4 cells become?
Helper T cells
69
What do CD8 cells become?
Cytotoxic
70
Class I MHC proteins
Found in all body cells (except RBCs), signal CD8 cells and bind to endogenous antigens
71
Class II MHC proteins
Found in APCs, signal CD4 cells and bind to exogenous antigens
72
2 steps process of activation of T cells
1) Antigen binding 2) Binding to co-stimulatory signals
73
Helper T cells
When created, they activate and initiate proliferation of both humoral and cellular arms of adaptive immune system
74
Function of cytotoxic cells
Directly attack other cells, identifying them using class I MHC and release perforins/granzymes that initiate target cell apoptosis
75
Regulatory T cells
Dampen immune response, activated by T helper cells (return immune system back to normal, so it isn't constantly heightened)

Anatomy (6 decks)

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