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PSIO EXAM 3 > renal reabsorption > Flashcards

renal reabsorption Flashcards

1
Q

how much ultra filtrate do we typically produce a day

A

180 Litters

contains a lot of water that must be modified or we would loose important substances

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2
Q

what is contained in the water that we must modify

A

important minerals, bicarbonate, glucose and electrolytes

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3
Q

reabsorption

A

returns substances in ultra filtrate back to circulation

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4
Q

secretory mechanisms

A

remove substances from the blood and add it to the urine

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5
Q

which capillary bed is responsible for secretion and reabsorption

A

pertiubular capillaries

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6
Q

protein net transport

A

stays within the vasculature

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7
Q

insulin net transport

A

within the vasculature and the nephron (without crossing from nephron back to vasculature )

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8
Q

sodium net transport

A

within the vasculature and the nephron (crossing from nephron back to vasculature , some sodium remains in nephron)

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9
Q

glucose net transport

A

within the vasculature and the nephron (crossing from nephron back to vasculature, no glucose is normally excreted in urine )

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10
Q

what is PAH

A

Parahippurate an organic anion

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11
Q

Parahippurate net transport

A

within the vasculature and the nephron (remaining PAH in the vasculature secreted to the the nephron to be excreted in urine )

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12
Q

organic bases net transport

A

within the vasculature and the nephron (crossing from nephron back to vasculature , some organic bases are excreted in urine )

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13
Q

what is the most important function of the kidneys

A

reabsorption of sodium

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14
Q

wherever sodium goes

A

water follows

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15
Q

amount of NA+ in the ECF determines

A

the ECF volume, which then determines plasma volume, blood volume and thus blood pressure

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16
Q

how much sodium do we excrete in urine

A

less than 1%

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17
Q

where are the two places in which we reabsorb the most sodium

A

the proximal convoluted tubule (67%) and the thick ascending limp of Henle (25%)

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18
Q

why is the lumen of the early proximal tubule negative

A

results from the net positive charge (na +) moving into the cell of the early proximal tubule from the lumen where if leaves behind its negative charge

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19
Q

why vessel forms the vasa recta

A

the efferent arterioles

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20
Q

what does the proximal convoluted tubule reabsorb?

A

Na+, Cl-, K+, glucose, amino acids, urea, bicarbonate and water

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21
Q

what is reabsorbed in the descending loop of Henle

A

water

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22
Q

what is reabsorbed in the ascending loop of Henle

A

sodium chloride and potassium

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23
Q

what does the distal convoluted tubule reabsorb?

A

sodium chloride calcium potassium magnesium and bicarbonate

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24
Q

what does the collecting duct reabsorb?

A

sodium chloride urea and water

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25
Q

Na + and water play a key role in

A

regulating blood pressure

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26
Q

HCO3 and H play a key role in

A

acid base balance

maintaining the pH of our body

27
Q

early proximal tubule sodium channels from the lumen to the cells of early proximal tubule

A

Na+ coupled with glucose, amino acids, phosphate lactate or citrate
Na+ in exchange for the positively changed H+ which id attracted to the negatively charged lumen

28
Q

early proximal tubule channels from the cells of early proximal tubule to the blood

A 
ATPase pump, exchange Na for K 
glucose channel 
amino acid channel 
phosphate, lactate, or citrate channel
bicarbonate channel
29
Q

Filtered HCO3- in lumen of early proximal tubule

A

once H enters the lumen from the cell it has the ability to chemically react with the HCO3- creating H2CO3 which can then react with the enzyme carbonic anhydrase and produce H2O and CO2 both which can diffuse across the lumen into the cell of the early proximal tubule
once inside the cell, the may form H2CO3 once again and then dissociate via a chemical reaction (with the enzyme carbonic anhydrase) to create H (which can go on and repeat the cycle) and bicarbonate (HCO3-) that can now be transferred via channel across the cell membrane to the blood for circulation

30
Q

why are you acidic when you have an increase in carbon dioxide levels

A

there is a shift for more hydrogen ion production

31
Q

tubular fluid reaching the late proximal tubule has

A

a high Cl- concentration which drives the paracellular reabsorption of Cl-

32
Q

why is the lumen positive in the late proximal tubule

A

the Cl- diffusion into the blood makes the lumen positive with respect to the blood

33
Q

what are the consequences of transport of solutes into the lateral intercellular space

A

increase osmolarity

establishes driving force of H2O

34
Q

what type of channels allow for the reabsorption of H2O

A

aquaporin channels

35
Q

what is the cortical layer of the Interstitial Fluid maintained at

A

300 mOsm

36
Q

reabsorption in the Loop of Henle

A

overall the loop of Henle ill reabsorb more sodium chloride than water

37
Q

what percentage of sodium chloride does the LoH reabsorb overall

A

25%

38
Q

what percentage of water does the LoH reabsorb overall

A

10%

39
Q

what is the thin descending limb permeable to

A

passive permeability to H2O, NaCL and urea
H20 will move out and the solutes will move in

very permeable to water

40
Q

what is the thin ascending limb permeable to

A

passive permeability to NaCL and urea

not passive permeable to water

41
Q

what is the thick ascending limb permeable to

A

uses active transport to reabsorb NaCL
this is a load dependent– the more deliver the more reabsorbed

impermeable to water

42
Q

water and thin descending, thin ascending, and thick ascending

A

passively permeable
not passively permeable
impermeable

43
Q

lumen charge in thick lim

A

positive 7 relative to the blood, due to the back diffusion of the positively charged K+

44
Q

active transport mechanism in the thin ascending limb of Henle

A

NaCl reabsorption is mediated by a Na+/2Cl-/K+ cotransport system, present in the luminal membrane of this nephron segment.
furosemide binds reversibly to carrier protein, thus reducing or abolishing NaCl reabsorption. This leads to a decrease in interstitial hypertonicity and thus to a reduced water reabsorption

45
Q

Corticopapillary Osmotic Gradient

A

osmotic gradient from the cortex to the tip of the papilla

46
Q

how is Corticopapillary Osmotic Gradient created

A

by multiplying a small local gradient by the length of the counter-current system

47
Q

where does the COG take place

A

in the long loops of Henle

48
Q

acsending limb omoslarity

A

is decreased pumps out NACl

49
Q

interstitial fluid omoslarity

A

increased because the NaCl is being pumping into it, increasing concentration at first

50
Q

decsending limb omoslarity

A

is increased because water is leaving the nephron to the interstitial fluid and increasing the concentration

51
Q

3 steps to concentrate urine

A

pump, equilibrate, shift

52
Q

tubular fluid is progressively

Descending limb

A

concentrated as if flows down the descending limb

53
Q

tubular fluid is progressively

Ascending limb

A

diluted as it flows up from the ascending limp

54
Q

fluid leaving the lop of Henle is

A

dilute

55
Q

gradient flow of _____ mosm/l is maintained across the ascending limb at every ______ level

A

200, horizontal

but the larger osmotic gradient from top to bottom

56
Q

osmolality of the interstitial fluid increases as you go

A

deeper into the medulla

57
Q

why is the gradient referred to as a multiplier

A

beast the 200 mOsm/ L established by the active transport has been multiple

58
Q

why is the gradient referred to as countercurrent

A

the flow I in opposing directions in the two limbs

59
Q

what is an essential component of the countercurrent multiplier?

A

active transport

60
Q

what is the Juxtaglomerular Apparatus composed of

A

the macula densa
granular cells
Extraglomerular mesangial cells

61
Q

what do granular cells secrete

A

renin

62
Q

what do Extraglomerular mesangial cells secrete

A

erythropoietin

63
Q

function of the Juxtaglomerular Apparatus

A

regulate Blood pressure, blood cell production and the rate at which kidneys filter fluid

64
Q

Macula

A

increased NaCl delivery causes the macula densa cells to swell and this leads to the release of chemical transmitters which stimulate the gradual cels and will have direct effects of the VSM Ca2+ channels

PSIO EXAM 3 (8 decks)

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