renal basics

Question 1

what does glomerular filtration produce

Answer 1

a protein free filtrate

Question 2

the first step in forming urine is

Answer 2

glomerular filtration

Question 3

how does renal blood flow enter the glomerular capillaries

Answer 3

starting in the afferent arterioles the RBF then enters the glomerular capillary and a portion of this blood will be filtered in the first part of the nephron

Question 4

what is a corpuscle

Answer 4

a glomerulus and a Bowman’s capsule

Question 5

what are examples of critical substances and what is important about them

Answer 5

examples of critical substances are sodium and water

they cannot be excreted without first being filtered

Question 6

what occurs at the layer of the capillary endothelium

Answer 6

this layer acts as a barrier to the cell of the renal blood flow

Question 7

what occurs at the layer of the basement membrane

Answer 7

this layer acts as a barrier to the proteins contained within plasma

Question 8

what occurs at the layer of the the capillary epithelial cells

Answer 8

this layer again acts as a barrier to the protein components of plasma
but also contains podocytes cells, which creates slits which act as pathways where the filtrate is able to pass along to Bowman’s capsule within the corpuscle

Question 9

which layer is the most significant in the renal corpuscle

Answer 9

the basement membrane

Question 10

what is the average renal blood flow

Answer 10

about 1.25 Litters of blood per minute

Question 11

what is the renal plasma flow, how is it calculated and what is typically amount

Answer 11

the amount of plasma delivered to the kidneys per unit of time
the equation for detriment this is RPF= (1-HCT)RBF
688 ml/ min is a typical amount

Question 12

how much of the plasma is filters and becomes ultra filtrate in Bowman’s Capsule?

Answer 12

about 20% of plasma is filtered normally

Question 13

what is HCT

Answer 13

Hematocrit

the ratio of the volume of red blood cells to the total volume of blood

Question 14

renal vascular pathway 1-4

Answer 14

renal artery
interlobar artery
arcuate artery
interlobular artery

Question 15

renal vascular pathway 5-8

Answer 15

afferent arteriole
glomerular capillary
efferent arteriole
peritubular capillary

Question 16

renal vascular pathway full

Answer 16

renal artery 
interlober artery 
arcuate artery 
interlobular artery 
afferent arteriole 
glomerular capillary 
efferent arteriole 
peritubular capillary

Question 17

function of the glomerular capillaries

Answer 17

filtration

Question 18

function of the peritubular capillaries

Answer 18

reabsorption and secretion

Question 19

what are vasa recta and what are their significance

Answer 19

vasa recta are specialized peritubular capillaries that function in osmotic exchange

Question 20

what are the 3 capillary beds of the nephron and what do they do

Answer 20

they are the blood supply to the nephron

the 3 beds are the glomerulus, peritubular capillaries, and the vasa recta

Question 21

what are the first 7 segments of the nephron

Answer 21

the glomerular capillary and Bowmans space  (C)
proximal convoluted tubule (C)
proximal straight tubule (C/OM) 
thin descending limb Henle (OM)
thin ascending limb Henle (OM)
thick ascending limb Henle (OM/C) 
Marcela densa (C)

Question 22

where does the macula densa occur

Answer 22

between the thick ascending tubal and the distal convolute tubule in the cortex

Question 23

what are segments 8-12 of the nephron

Answer 23

distal convoluted tubule (C)
connecting tubule (C)
cortical collecting tubule (C)
outer medullary collecting duct (OM)
inner medullary collecting duct (IM)

Question 24

where does the ultra filtrate originate

Answer 24

the renal corpuscle

Question 25

what does the loop of Henle consist of

Answer 25

thin descending limb of Henle
thin ascending limb Henle
thick ascending limb Henle

Question 26

where does the ultra filtrate leave the kidney

Answer 26

the renal pelvis

Question 27

where does tubular secretion occur

Answer 27

from the peritubular capillaries to the tubular lumen

Question 28

where does tubular reabsorption occur

Answer 28

from the tubular lumen to the peritubular capillaries

Question 29

renal excretion

Answer 29

the substance that appears in urine

Question 30

where does smooth muscle appear in the kidneys and what is its function

Answer 30

the cortex and the pelvis, it functions to propel urine towards the utters and consequently the bladder for excretion