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SUGER > Renal Physiology 1 > Flashcards

Renal Physiology 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What is the job of the kidney

A

To remove waste products from the blood and regulate blood volume and plasma osmolarity which in the process creates urine

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2
Q

What’s does urine mainly consist of

A

Water
Salts
Urea

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3
Q

What is the nephron

A

Basic functional unit of the kidney

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4
Q

What are the 3 roles the nephron has

A

Filtration
Reabsorption
Secretion

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5
Q

How is filtrate created

A

Filtrate is a fluid which is created when the nephron filters the blood

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6
Q

What should the filtrate contain

A

It should contain water and small molecules

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7
Q

When the filtrate has been created from the filtered blood, what happens to it

A

The kidneys reabsorb many of the useful chemicals from the filtrate that the body needs

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8
Q

What does excretion refer to

A

Excretion refers to the removal of waste from the body

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9
Q

What is the nephron made up of

A

The renal corpuscle
The renal tubule

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10
Q

What makes up the renal corpuscle

A

It is made up of the glomerulus and bowman’s capsule
The glomerulus is a bundle of blood vessels surrounded by a semi-permeable membrane which allows some of the constitutes of the blood to flow through
The bowman’s capsule collects the fluid and delivers it to the renal tubule

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11
Q

What is the role of the renal corpuscle

A

It’s role is within filtering

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12
Q

What is the role renal tubule

A

The renal tubules’s role is within reabsorption

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13
Q

How does blood reach the glomerulus

A

Blood arrives to the glomerulus via the afferent arterioles where it gets filtered and a filtrate is created

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14
Q

From the glomerulus where does the filtrate go

A

From the glomerulus the filtrate flows into the renal tubule

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15
Q

Where does the filtered blood flow from the glomerulus

A

From the glomerulus the filtered blood flows out into the efferent arteriole

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16
Q

What happens to the filtrate in the renal tubule

A

When the filtrate is in the renal tubule some of its constitutes are reabsorbed

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17
Q

Where are larger waste molecules filtered into the excretion

A

When the tubule and the efferent arteriole meet at the distal convoluted tubule where larger molecules can be actively secreted into the tubule

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18
Q

What are the 2 types of nephron

A

Cortical nephrons and juxtamedullary nephrons

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19
Q

What is the difference between a cortical nephron and juxtamedullary nephron

A

Juxtamedullary nephrons are typically longer with a bigger loop of henle

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20
Q

What are filtration slits

A

Filtration slits are the gaps that are found between the pedicels which are the projections on the edges of the podocytes which make up the visceral epithelium in the bowman’s capsule

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21
Q

What makes up the filtration membrane

A

The endothelium, the podocytes and the lamina densa

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22
Q

What type of process is filtration

A

Filtration is a passive process

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23
Q

What is a disadvantage of filtration been a passive process

A

You lose things that you want to keep such as glucose, vitamins and amino acids and so these has to be reabsorbed further down the tubule

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24
Q

Why is the blood pressure in the glomerular capillaries so high

A

It is because the capillaries have a smaller diameter than the afferent arteriole keeping the pressure high

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25
Q

What is GFR

A

Glomerular filtration rate

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26
Q

What is the glomerular filtration rate

A

This refers to the amount of the fluid passing through all glomeruli in one minute

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27
Q

What will a drop in blood pressure cause which means that the GFR is kept constant

A

A drop in blood pressure will cause dilation of the afferent arteriole
Constriction of the efferent arteriole
Dilation of the glomerular capillaries and relaxation if the supporting cells

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28
Q

What will a rise in blood pressure cause to happen to keep the GFR at a constant

A

A rise in blood pressure will cause constriction of the afferent arterioles
Dilation of the efferent arterioles
Constriction of the glomerular capillaries and of the supporting cells
These are effects are caused by the baroreceptors in the walls of the afferent arterioles as when they are stretched due to the high blood pressure causing arterioles to constrict

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29
Q

What can regulate the GFR

A

Hormonal changes from the renin-angiotensin system and natriuretic peptides

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30
Q

How can we measure GFR

A

Creatinine clearance

31
Q

What type of process is reabsorption

A

Reabsorption can be passive by the process of diffusion or active where substance are actively pumped against a concentration from the tubule

32
Q

What does secretion refer to

A

Secretion refers to the active removal of molecules from the blood into the tubular fluid

33
Q

Where does reabsorption occur

A

In the renal tubule

34
Q

What makes up the renal tubule

A

Proximal convoluted tubule
The loop of henle
Distal convoluted tubule

35
Q

What percentage of reabsorption occurs in the proximal convoluted tubule

A

Approx 70%

36
Q

What occurs in the proximal convoluted tubule

A

It actively secretes large molecules usually strong acids and bases and this is where most drugs are secreted by the kidney

37
Q

What happens in the loop of henle

A

Causes the filtrate to become concentrated by actively re absorbing ions such as sodium, magnesium, potassium and calcium, then water is passively reabsorbed in response to this concentration gradient change

38
Q

What happens in the distal convoluted tubule

A

Main job is secreting ions into the filtrate particularly potassium and also calcium

39
Q

What type of endothelium does the proximal convoluted tubule have

A

It has a cuboidal epithelium with many microvilli

40
Q

Where are organic molecules reabsorbed within the renal tubule

A

Proximal convoluted tubule

41
Q

Where do the substances that have been reabsorbed in the proximal convoluted tubule get secreted into

A

Anything that is reabsorbed in the proximal convoluted tubule is then secreted into the peritubular space or extracellular fluid where it can be taken up by the peritubular capillaries

42
Q

What ion is important for processes in the proximal convoluted tubule

A

Sodium

43
Q

What things are reabsorbed in the proximal convoluted tubule

A

Organic stuff- amino acids and other large substances are removed from the blood by facilitated diffusion and co-transport

Active removal of ions- sodium, potassium, bicarbonate, magnesium, phosphate, sulphate

Water reabsorption- due to osmotic changes due to ion reabsorption

Passive removal of ions- they follow water

44
Q

What hormones can affect ion pumps in the proximal convoluted tubule

A

Angiotensin II stimulates sodium reabsorption in the proximal convoluted tubule

45
Q

Explain the process of reabsorption in the proximal convoluted tubule

A

At the base of the proximal convoluted tubule cells, sodium ions are actively pumped out by sodium potassium pumps which helps to drive many reabsorption in the proximal convoluted tubule such as glucose uptake and bicarbonate reabsorption

At the filtrate side of the cell, sodium ions are attracted to the cell by both their concentration gradient and a negative charge of the cell created by sodium potassium pumps

Sodium ions can then enter by passive diffuse, co-transport or counter transport

Further along the proximal convoluted tubule concentrations of organic molecules are low and so not much sodium can be absorbed by co-transport, so instead sodium is absorbed by co-transport with chloride

Potassium will passively diffuse out of the filtrate, but the proximal convoluted tubule can also secrete potassium when levels become too high

46
Q

The loop of henle has thick and thin segments what does this mean

A

The thick and thin segments refers to the size of the cells of the region not the diameter of the loop

47
Q

What is the function of the thick descending limb

A

Similar role to the proximal convoluted tubule and pumps out ions and solutes into the peritubular fluid which creates a high concentration of solutes in the peritubular fluid and in the peritubular capillaries

48
Q

What is the thin descending limb permeable to

A

The thing descending limb is permeable to water, meaning water will passively cross the membrane

49
Q

What is the function of the thick part of the loop of henle compare to the thin part of the loop of henle

A

The thick part of the loop of henle pumps out ions but is impermeable to everything else such as water but the thin part of the loop of henle is permeable to water but impermeable to everything else such as ions

50
Q

What does countercurrent multiplication mean and where does it occur

A

Countercurrent multiplication is the term for concentration of the urine and occurs in the loop of henle

51
Q

What creates an osmotic gradient near to the descending limb

A

The thick part of the loop of henle pumps out lots of ions which creates the osmotic gradient near to the descending limb

52
Q

What does the osmotic gradient near the descending limb cause

A

It causes water to be drawn out of the descending limb before it reaches the thick ascending limb

53
Q

Which type of nephron has a large loop of henle and what does this mean

A

The juxtamedullary nephrons have a larger loop of henle and so concentrate the urine more

54
Q

What is the vasa recta

A

System of capillaries that is found surrounding the loop of henle

55
Q

What happens at the vasa recta

A

The capillaries will exchange water and ions with the extracellular space around the loop of henle, this will happen until the capillaries reach a equilibrium

56
Q

Why is the blood at the bottom of the loop of henle very thick

A

The blood at the bottom of the loop of henle is very thick because water is drawn out the of descending limb of the loop, as this the begins to travel up the ascending limb of the loop of henle absorbs water from the interstitia

57
Q

What is the role of ADH

A

ADH essentially increases the permeability of the collecting ducts to water thus allowing more water to be drawn out by the vasa recta creating more concentrated urine

58
Q

What is the function of the distal convoluted tubule

A

It actively secretes ions, selectively secretes sodium and calcium and allows for reabsorption of water

59
Q

What hormone increases the amount of sodium reabsorbed in the distal convoluted tubule

A

Aldosterone

60
Q

What is left in the urine once it reaches the collecting duct

A

Water
Urea
Creatinine
Potassium
Hydrogen
Urobillogens/stercobillogens

61
Q

What is the retention of sodium associated with

A

The loss of potassium

62
Q

Calcium is reabsorbed by the distal convoluted tubule, what hormone regulates this process

A

Parathyroid hormone and calcitrol

63
Q

What is hydrogen ion secretion in the distal convoluted tubule important for

A

Controlling blood pH

64
Q

What is the collecting system

A

The collecting system allows for secretion of hydrogen and bicarbonate ions, which allows the concentration of blood pH. It also allows the reabsorption of bicarbonate, sodium and urea

65
Q

What is the juxtaglomerular apparatus refer to

A

This refers to the cells of the distal convoluted tubule in the juxtaglomerular nephrons that are at the site of the efferent and afferent arterioles

66
Q

What makes up the juxtaglomerular apparatus

A

Unusual cells of the afferent arterioles and the macular densa

67
Q

What function do the cells of the juxtaglomerular apparatus have and what do they do

A

They have an endocrine function and secrete erythropoietin and renin

68
Q

What are the 3 most important waste products of the urine

A

Urea
Creatinine
Uric acid

69
Q

Where does urea come from

A

The breakdown of amino acids

70
Q

Where does creatinine come from

A

Waste product of creatinine phosphate produced by the muscle contraction

71
Q

Where does uric acid come from

A

Waste product from recycling RNA molecules

72
Q

What is the renal threshold

A

It is the concentration at which a substance will no longer be able to be completely reabsorbed and so will appear in the urine

73
Q

What is secretion

A

Secretion refers to the process of active transfer of a molecule from one place to another

74
Q

What is excretion

A

The process of removing waste products from the body

SUGER (17 decks)

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