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Renal Physiology 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What is the job of the kidney

A

To remove waste products from the blood and regulate blood volume and plasma osmolarity which in the process creates urine

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2
Q

What’s does urine mainly consist of

A

Water
Salts
Urea

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3
Q

What is the nephron

A

Basic functional unit of the kidney

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4
Q

What are the 3 roles the nephron has

A

Filtration
Reabsorption
Secretion

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5
Q

How is filtrate created

A

Filtrate is a fluid which is created when the nephron filters the blood

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6
Q

What should the filtrate contain

A

It should contain water and small molecules

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7
Q

When the filtrate has been created from the filtered blood, what happens to it

A

The kidneys reabsorb many of the useful chemicals from the filtrate that the body needs

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8
Q

What does excretion refer to

A

Excretion refers to the removal of waste from the body

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9
Q

What is the nephron made up of

A

The renal corpuscle
The renal tubule

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10
Q

What makes up the renal corpuscle

A

It is made up of the glomerulus and bowman’s capsule
The glomerulus is a bundle of blood vessels surrounded by a semi-permeable membrane which allows some of the constitutes of the blood to flow through
The bowman’s capsule collects the fluid and delivers it to the renal tubule

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11
Q

What is the role of the renal corpuscle

A

It’s role is within filtering

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12
Q

What is the role renal tubule

A

The renal tubules’s role is within reabsorption

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13
Q

How does blood reach the glomerulus

A

Blood arrives to the glomerulus via the afferent arterioles where it gets filtered and a filtrate is created

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14
Q

From the glomerulus where does the filtrate go

A

From the glomerulus the filtrate flows into the renal tubule

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15
Q

Where does the filtered blood flow from the glomerulus

A

From the glomerulus the filtered blood flows out into the efferent arteriole

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16
Q

What happens to the filtrate in the renal tubule

A

When the filtrate is in the renal tubule some of its constitutes are reabsorbed

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17
Q

Where are larger waste molecules filtered into the excretion

A

When the tubule and the efferent arteriole meet at the distal convoluted tubule where larger molecules can be actively secreted into the tubule

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18
Q

What are the 2 types of nephron

A

Cortical nephrons and juxtamedullary nephrons

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19
Q

What is the difference between a cortical nephron and juxtamedullary nephron

A

Juxtamedullary nephrons are typically longer with a bigger loop of henle

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20
Q

What are filtration slits

A

Filtration slits are the gaps that are found between the pedicels which are the projections on the edges of the podocytes which make up the visceral epithelium in the bowman’s capsule

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21
Q

What makes up the filtration membrane

A

The endothelium, the podocytes and the lamina densa

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22
Q

What type of process is filtration

A

Filtration is a passive process

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23
Q

What is a disadvantage of filtration been a passive process

A

You lose things that you want to keep such as glucose, vitamins and amino acids and so these has to be reabsorbed further down the tubule

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24
Q

Why is the blood pressure in the glomerular capillaries so high

A

It is because the capillaries have a smaller diameter than the afferent arteriole keeping the pressure high

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25
What is GFR
Glomerular filtration rate
26
What is the glomerular filtration rate
This refers to the amount of the fluid passing through all glomeruli in one minute
27
What will a drop in blood pressure cause which means that the GFR is kept constant
A drop in blood pressure will cause dilation of the afferent arteriole Constriction of the efferent arteriole Dilation of the glomerular capillaries and relaxation if the supporting cells
28
What will a rise in blood pressure cause to happen to keep the GFR at a constant
A rise in blood pressure will cause constriction of the afferent arterioles Dilation of the efferent arterioles Constriction of the glomerular capillaries and of the supporting cells These are effects are caused by the baroreceptors in the walls of the afferent arterioles as when they are stretched due to the high blood pressure causing arterioles to constrict
29
What can regulate the GFR
Hormonal changes from the renin-angiotensin system and natriuretic peptides
30
How can we measure GFR
Creatinine clearance
31
What type of process is reabsorption
Reabsorption can be passive by the process of diffusion or active where substance are actively pumped against a concentration from the tubule
32
What does secretion refer to
Secretion refers to the active removal of molecules from the blood into the tubular fluid
33
Where does reabsorption occur
In the renal tubule
34
What makes up the renal tubule
Proximal convoluted tubule The loop of henle Distal convoluted tubule
35
What percentage of reabsorption occurs in the proximal convoluted tubule
Approx 70%
36
What occurs in the proximal convoluted tubule
It actively secretes large molecules usually strong acids and bases and this is where most drugs are secreted by the kidney
37
What happens in the loop of henle
Causes the filtrate to become concentrated by actively re absorbing ions such as sodium, magnesium, potassium and calcium, then water is passively reabsorbed in response to this concentration gradient change
38
What happens in the distal convoluted tubule
Main job is secreting ions into the filtrate particularly potassium and also calcium
39
What type of endothelium does the proximal convoluted tubule have
It has a cuboidal epithelium with many microvilli
40
Where are organic molecules reabsorbed within the renal tubule
Proximal convoluted tubule
41
Where do the substances that have been reabsorbed in the proximal convoluted tubule get secreted into
Anything that is reabsorbed in the proximal convoluted tubule is then secreted into the peritubular space or extracellular fluid where it can be taken up by the peritubular capillaries
42
What ion is important for processes in the proximal convoluted tubule
Sodium
43
What things are reabsorbed in the proximal convoluted tubule
Organic stuff- amino acids and other large substances are removed from the blood by facilitated diffusion and co-transport Active removal of ions- sodium, potassium, bicarbonate, magnesium, phosphate, sulphate Water reabsorption- due to osmotic changes due to ion reabsorption Passive removal of ions- they follow water
44
What hormones can affect ion pumps in the proximal convoluted tubule
Angiotensin II stimulates sodium reabsorption in the proximal convoluted tubule
45
Explain the process of reabsorption in the proximal convoluted tubule
At the base of the proximal convoluted tubule cells, sodium ions are actively pumped out by sodium potassium pumps which helps to drive many reabsorption in the proximal convoluted tubule such as glucose uptake and bicarbonate reabsorption At the filtrate side of the cell, sodium ions are attracted to the cell by both their concentration gradient and a negative charge of the cell created by sodium potassium pumps Sodium ions can then enter by passive diffuse, co-transport or counter transport Further along the proximal convoluted tubule concentrations of organic molecules are low and so not much sodium can be absorbed by co-transport, so instead sodium is absorbed by co-transport with chloride Potassium will passively diffuse out of the filtrate, but the proximal convoluted tubule can also secrete potassium when levels become too high
46
The loop of henle has thick and thin segments what does this mean
The thick and thin segments refers to the size of the cells of the region not the diameter of the loop
47
What is the function of the thick descending limb
Similar role to the proximal convoluted tubule and pumps out ions and solutes into the peritubular fluid which creates a high concentration of solutes in the peritubular fluid and in the peritubular capillaries
48
What is the thin descending limb permeable to
The thing descending limb is permeable to water, meaning water will passively cross the membrane
49
What is the function of the thick part of the loop of henle compare to the thin part of the loop of henle
The thick part of the loop of henle pumps out ions but is impermeable to everything else such as water but the thin part of the loop of henle is permeable to water but impermeable to everything else such as ions
50
What does countercurrent multiplication mean and where does it occur
Countercurrent multiplication is the term for concentration of the urine and occurs in the loop of henle
51
What creates an osmotic gradient near to the descending limb
The thick part of the loop of henle pumps out lots of ions which creates the osmotic gradient near to the descending limb
52
What does the osmotic gradient near the descending limb cause
It causes water to be drawn out of the descending limb before it reaches the thick ascending limb
53
Which type of nephron has a large loop of henle and what does this mean
The juxtamedullary nephrons have a larger loop of henle and so concentrate the urine more
54
What is the vasa recta
System of capillaries that is found surrounding the loop of henle
55
What happens at the vasa recta
The capillaries will exchange water and ions with the extracellular space around the loop of henle, this will happen until the capillaries reach a equilibrium
56
Why is the blood at the bottom of the loop of henle very thick
The blood at the bottom of the loop of henle is very thick because water is drawn out the of descending limb of the loop, as this the begins to travel up the ascending limb of the loop of henle absorbs water from the interstitia
57
What is the role of ADH
ADH essentially increases the permeability of the collecting ducts to water thus allowing more water to be drawn out by the vasa recta creating more concentrated urine
58
What is the function of the distal convoluted tubule
It actively secretes ions, selectively secretes sodium and calcium and allows for reabsorption of water
59
What hormone increases the amount of sodium reabsorbed in the distal convoluted tubule
Aldosterone
60
What is left in the urine once it reaches the collecting duct
Water Urea Creatinine Potassium Hydrogen Urobillogens/stercobillogens
61
What is the retention of sodium associated with
The loss of potassium
62
Calcium is reabsorbed by the distal convoluted tubule, what hormone regulates this process
Parathyroid hormone and calcitrol
63
What is hydrogen ion secretion in the distal convoluted tubule important for
Controlling blood pH
64
What is the collecting system
The collecting system allows for secretion of hydrogen and bicarbonate ions, which allows the concentration of blood pH. It also allows the reabsorption of bicarbonate, sodium and urea
65
What is the juxtaglomerular apparatus refer to
This refers to the cells of the distal convoluted tubule in the juxtaglomerular nephrons that are at the site of the efferent and afferent arterioles
66
What makes up the juxtaglomerular apparatus
Unusual cells of the afferent arterioles and the macular densa
67
What function do the cells of the juxtaglomerular apparatus have and what do they do
They have an endocrine function and secrete erythropoietin and renin
68
What are the 3 most important waste products of the urine
Urea Creatinine Uric acid
69
Where does urea come from
The breakdown of amino acids
70
Where does creatinine come from
Waste product of creatinine phosphate produced by the muscle contraction
71
Where does uric acid come from
Waste product from recycling RNA molecules
72
What is the renal threshold
It is the concentration at which a substance will no longer be able to be completely reabsorbed and so will appear in the urine
73
What is secretion
Secretion refers to the process of active transfer of a molecule from one place to another
74
What is excretion
The process of removing waste products from the body

SUGER (17 decks)

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