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SUGER > Overview Of The Endocrine System > Flashcards

Overview Of The Endocrine System Flashcards

1
Q

What is a hormone

A

A hormone is a substance secreted directly into the blood by specialised cells which bind to specific receptors in target cells to influence a cellular response

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2
Q

What are the endocrine glands found within the body

A

Hypothalamus
Pituitary
Thyroid
Parathyroid
Adrenals
Pancreas
Ovaries
Testes

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3
Q

What else within our bodies can be classed as an endocrine organs

A

Heart
Liver
Intestines
Fat
Kidneys
Skin

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4
Q

What are the 3 different types of hormones

A

Steroid
Peptides
Thyroid hormones

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5
Q

What are steroid hormones synthesised from

A

Cholesterol

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6
Q

What are catecholamines synthesised from

A

Tyrosine

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7
Q

How do hormones exert their effect

A

They bind to cell surface and intracellular receptors

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8
Q

What is the basic action of a thyroid hromone

A

Basal metabolic rate and growth

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9
Q

What is the basic action of the parathyroid hormone

A

Ca2+ regulation

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10
Q

What is the basic action of cortisol

A

Glucose regulation and inflammation

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11
Q

What is the basic action of aldosterone

A

Blood pressure and Na+ regulation

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12
Q

What is the basic action of catecholamines

A

Blood pressure and stress

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13
Q

What is the basic action of oestradiol

A

Menstruation and femininity

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14
Q

What is the basic action of testosterone

A

Sexual function and masculinity

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15
Q

What is the basic action of insulin

A

Glucose regulation

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16
Q

What is the basic action of ANP

A

Na+ regulation

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17
Q

What is the basic function of vitamin D

A

Ca2+ Regulation

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18
Q

How are hormone levels measured

A

Bioassays
Immunoassays
Mass spectrometry

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19
Q

What is the most important endocrine organ

A

The pituitary gland

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20
Q

What hormones are secreted by the anterior pituitary

A

ACTH - regulation of adrenal cortex
TSH - thyroid hormone regulation
GH - growth hormone
LH/FSH - reproductive control
PRL - Breast milk production

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21
Q

What hormones are secreted by the posterior pituitary

A

ADH - water regulation
Oxytocin - breast milk expression

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22
Q

What are example of endocrinological disorders

A

Thyrotoxicosis
Cushing’s disease
Acromegaly

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23
Q

What are Avaliable treatments for thyrotoxicosis

A

Destruction of thyroid tissue using radioiodine
Anti thyroid drugs to stop hormone synthesis
Partial surgical ablation of thyroid

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24
Q

What drugs can be used to treat functioning pituitary tumours

A

Somatostatin analogues
Dopamine agonists
GH receptor antagonists

25
Q

What is a type of steroid hormone

A

Cortisol

26
Q

What is an example of a peptide hormone

A

Insulin

27
Q

Hat is an example of a thyroid hormone

A

Thyroxine

28
Q

Which endocrine gland is the main regulator for metabolism

A

Thyroid gland

29
Q

What does high levels of thyroid hormones such as T3 and T4 cause

A

They cause metabolic pathways and metabolic processes to occur more frequently and faster

30
Q

What metabolic processes are increased by thyroid hormones

A

Basal metabolic rate
Gluconeogenesis
Glycogenolysis
Lipogenesis
Thermogenesis

31
Q

What are the 6 steps involved in the synthesis of thyroid hormones

A

Active transport of iodide into the follicular cells via a sodium-iodide symporter
Thyroglobulin is a large protein rich in thyrosine is formed in the follicular ribosome
Exocytosis of the thyroglobulin into the follicle lumen where it is stored as colloid
Iodination of the thyroglobulin to produce MIT and DIT
Coupling of MIT and DIT = T3 hormone and coupling of DIT and DIT = T4 hormone
Endocytosis of iodinated thyroglobulin back into follicular cell and free T3 and T4 released

32
Q

How are Thyroid hormones carried

A

They are carried by plasma proteins

33
Q

How are T3 and T4 deactivated and where does this happen

A

They are deactivated by removing the iodine and is done in the liver and kidneys

34
Q

Why are thyroid hormones released

A

Thyroid hormones are released due to the hypothalamus detecting low plasma concentration if thyroid hormones which stimulates the release of TRH into the hypophyseal portal system. TRH binds to cells in the anterior pituitary gland stimulating the release of TSH into the systemic circulation. TSH then binds to cells off the membrane of the thyroid follicular cells inducing the synthesis of thyroid hormones

35
Q

What is goitre

A

Enlarged thyroid

36
Q

What is hyperthyroidism

A

The thyroid is overactive

37
Q

What can caused hyperthyroidism

A

Graves’ disease- an autoimmune disease where antibodies are produced that stimulate TSH receptors

38
Q

What is hypothyroidism

A

They thyroid is under active

39
Q

What can cause hypothyroidism

A

Hashimotos disease- an autoimmune disease where thyroid follicles are destroyed

40
Q

What are the main 3 actions of parathyroid hormone

A

All 3 actions act to increase the calcium levels in the body

Increased bone resorption
Increased reabsorption in the kidneys
Vitamin D synthesis

41
Q

How is parathyroid hormone regulated

A

It is controlled by a negative feedback loop
Chief cells have a unique G-protein calcium receptor on their cut face which can regulate the hormone

When calcium is elevated PTH production must stop to prevent further elevation of calcium which could lead to hypercalcaemia, to do this calcium binds to the G protein and stimulated the production of phosphoinositide which prevents any more secretion of PTH and so calcium is deposited into the bones

When calcium is reduced the reverse happens

42
Q

What are the different types of hyperparathyroidism

A

Primary - direct alterations to the parathyroid gland like a benign tumour

Secondary - elevated PTH due to reduced calcium levels due to chronic renal failure or decreased vit D intake

Tertiary - prolonged secondary

Malignant - caused by some tumours such as bronchial squamous cell carcinomas

43
Q

What cells are responsible for producing glucagon

A

Alpha cells in the pancreas

44
Q

What cells are responsible for producing insulin and amylin

A

Beta cells of the pancreas

45
Q

What cells are responsible for productions somatostatin

A

Delta cells in the pancreas

46
Q

What cells are responsible for producing pancreatic polypeptide

A

Gamma cells in the pancreas

47
Q

What cells are responsible for producing ghrelin

A

Epsilon cells in the pancreas

48
Q

What type of hormones do the pancreas produce

A

Polypeptide hormones

49
Q

What is the function of insulin

A

Decrease blood glucose

50
Q

What is the function of amylin

A

Slows gastric emptying to prevent spikes in blood glucose

51
Q

What is the function of glucagon

A

Increase blood glucose

52
Q

What is the function of somatostatin

A

Regulates islet cells secretion of other hromones

53
Q

What is the function of pancreatic polypeptide

A

GI function

54
Q

What is the function of Ghrelin

A

Increase in appetite

55
Q

Where is oxytocin released from

A

Posterior pituitary gland

56
Q

What is the main function of oxytocin

A

Regulation of lactation and control of the uterine contractions in labour

57
Q

What are the 2 posterior pituitary hormones

A

Oxytocin and ADH

58
Q

What is the main function of ADH

A

Increases plasma osmolarity

SUGER (17 decks)

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