Growth And Puberty Flashcards
What is the difference of body proportions between newborns and adults
New horns have large heads, short necks, rounded chests, prominent abdomen, short limbs
Adults have relative growth of limbs compared to there trunk
Where is testosterone converted to oestrogen in boys
In fatty tissues
When does growth end
Growth ends with fusion of the epiphyses due to the influence of oestrogen
What is infant growth determined by
Nutrition
What is growth determined by in childhood
Switches from nutritional and hormonal dependence’s
When is the fastest growth rate seen
In-utero and infancy within the first 3 years
What are important determinants of growth
Parental phenotype and genotype
Quality and duration of pregnancy
Nutrition
Specific system and organ integrity
Psycho-social environment
Growth promoting hormones and factors
Where do all growth disorders originate from
The growth plate
What regulates growth
Endocrine signals
Nutrition
Inflammatory cytokines
Extracellular fluid
How is growth regulated
Growth is regulated by the release of growth hormone releasing hormone from the hypothalamus which stimulates the anterior pituitary which stimulates the release of growth hormone which can act upon the liver or directly on the bone itself
What are growth hormone release hormone cell bodies regulated by
Food, sleep and steroids
Where is human growth hormone synthesised
In somatotropin cells in the anterior pituitary
What does growth hormone have a direct effect on
Growth plate and cortical bone
What is puberty
Puberty describes the physiological, morphological and behavioural changes as the gonads switch from infantile to adult forms
What are definitive signs of puberty in males and females
Females - first menstrual bleeding
Males - first ejaculation
