Renal Pathology Pt. 1

Question 1

what is the most common cause of CRF/ESRD?

Answer 1

DM

Question 2

what is the second most common cause of CRF/ESRD?

Answer 2

HTN

Question 3

how do diseases of the kidney typically present?

Answer 3

hematuria
proteinuria
edema
HTN
oliguria
anuria
increased serum/urine creatinine
increased BUN

Question 4

what is the single most important question to ask a patient suspected of having renal disease?

Answer 4

have you had this before?

this was in his ppt so i guess it’s important?

Question 5

what imaging modalities are utilized for the kidneys?

Answer 5

US
KUB
Renal tomography
IVP
Retrograde pyelography
CT
MRI/MRA
Renal angiography

Question 6

what is the mechanism of edema in renal failure?

Answer 6

loss of protein in urine causing decreased serum osmotic pressure

Question 7

what are the major components of the kidney?

Answer 7

glomeruli
tubules
interstitium
vessels

Question 8

what is azotemia?

Answer 8

elevation of blood urea nitrogen (BUN) and creatinine due to decreased GFR

Question 9

what is uremia?

Answer 9

symptomatic azotemia

Question 10

what causes prerenal azotemia?

Answer 10

hypoperfusion

Question 11

what causes postrenal azotemia?

Answer 11

urine flow obstruction distal to calyces/renal pelvis

Question 12

what are some symptoms associated with uremia?

Answer 12

N/V
fatigue
anorexia/weight loss
pruritis
polydipsia
electrolyte abnormalities
encephalopathy
bleed disorder
pericarditis
pleuritis/pleural effusion

Question 13

what is a normal GFR?

Answer 13

90-120 mL/min

Question 14

what happens to GFR with age?

Answer 14

decreases

Question 15

what are the clinical manifestations of AKI?

Answer 15

Rapid decline in GFR

Oliguria or anuria

Question 16

what is the major cause of AKI?

Answer 16

ATN

Question 17

what are the clinical manifestations of CKD?

Answer 17

if mild - asymptomatic

if severe - uremia

Question 18

what is the definition of CKD?

Answer 18

persistent diminished GFR < 60 mL/min for at least 3 months
OR
persistent albuminuria

Question 19

what is ESRD?

Answer 19

GFR < 5% of normal

end-stage of uremia

Question 20

what renal diseases indicate glomerular dysfunction?

Answer 20

nephritic syndrome
nephrotic syndrome
asymptomatic hematuria or proteinuria
CKD
renal tubular defects
acute renal failure

Question 21

what renal diseases indicate tubulointerstitial dysfunction?

Answer 21

UTI
urinary tract obstruction
renal tumors
nephrolithiasis

Question 22

what is nephrotic syndrome?

Answer 22

a glomerular disease characterized by severe proteinuria, hypoalbuminemia, severe edema, hyperlipidemia and lipiduria

nePHROtic = PROteinuria

Question 23

what is nephritic syndrome?

Answer 23

glomerular disease dominated by acute onset of visible hematuria, proteinuria and HTN

*edema common but not as severe as nephrotic syndrome

Question 24

what is rapidly progressive glomerulonephritis?

Answer 24

signs of nephritic syndrome with rapid decline in GFR

implies severe glomerular injury

Question 25

what is considered an isolated urinary abnormality?

Answer 25

hematuria and/or subnephrotic range proteinuria

Question 26

what are the pathologic responses to glomerulus injury?

Answer 26

hypercellularity

basement membrane thickening