Renal Pathology Pt. 1 Flashcards
what is the most common cause of CRF/ESRD?
DM
what is the second most common cause of CRF/ESRD?
HTN
how do diseases of the kidney typically present?
hematuria proteinuria edema HTN oliguria anuria increased serum/urine creatinine increased BUN
what is the single most important question to ask a patient suspected of having renal disease?
have you had this before?
this was in his ppt so i guess it’s important?
what imaging modalities are utilized for the kidneys?
US KUB Renal tomography IVP Retrograde pyelography CT MRI/MRA Renal angiography
what is the mechanism of edema in renal failure?
loss of protein in urine causing decreased serum osmotic pressure
what are the major components of the kidney?
glomeruli
tubules
interstitium
vessels
what is azotemia?
elevation of blood urea nitrogen (BUN) and creatinine due to decreased GFR
what is uremia?
symptomatic azotemia
what causes prerenal azotemia?
hypoperfusion
what causes postrenal azotemia?
urine flow obstruction distal to calyces/renal pelvis
what are some symptoms associated with uremia?
N/V fatigue anorexia/weight loss pruritis polydipsia electrolyte abnormalities encephalopathy bleed disorder pericarditis pleuritis/pleural effusion
what is a normal GFR?
90-120 mL/min
what happens to GFR with age?
decreases
what are the clinical manifestations of AKI?
Rapid decline in GFR
Oliguria or anuria
what is the major cause of AKI?
ATN
what are the clinical manifestations of CKD?
if mild - asymptomatic
if severe - uremia
what is the definition of CKD?
persistent diminished GFR < 60 mL/min for at least 3 months
OR
persistent albuminuria
what is ESRD?
GFR < 5% of normal
end-stage of uremia
what renal diseases indicate glomerular dysfunction?
nephritic syndrome nephrotic syndrome asymptomatic hematuria or proteinuria CKD renal tubular defects acute renal failure
what renal diseases indicate tubulointerstitial dysfunction?
UTI
urinary tract obstruction
renal tumors
nephrolithiasis
what is nephrotic syndrome?
a glomerular disease characterized by severe proteinuria, hypoalbuminemia, severe edema, hyperlipidemia and lipiduria
nePHROtic = PROteinuria
what is nephritic syndrome?
glomerular disease dominated by acute onset of visible hematuria, proteinuria and HTN
*edema common but not as severe as nephrotic syndrome
what is rapidly progressive glomerulonephritis?
signs of nephritic syndrome with rapid decline in GFR
implies severe glomerular injury
what is considered an isolated urinary abnormality?
hematuria and/or subnephrotic range proteinuria
what are the pathologic responses to glomerulus injury?
hypercellularity
basement membrane thickening
