Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

CPR Exam 3 > Electrolyte Imbalances > Flashcards

Electrolyte Imbalances Flashcards

1
Q

What population is most affected by hyponatremai

A

Hospitalized patients (ICU especially)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What are risk factors for hyponatremia

A 
CHF
Cirrhosis
Nephrotic Syndrome
Pneumonia
ICU
Old
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What are the two main regulatory systems for serum osmolarity

A

ADH

thirst

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What are non-osmotic stimuli for ADH release

A 
Baroreceptors 
Nausea
Hypoxia
Pain
Medications (opiates, SSRIs)
Pregnancy
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What does hyponatremia primarily result fromt

A

Increases in TBW and less from changes of total body sodium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

When does acute hyponatremia become chronic hyponatremia

A

at the 48 hr mark

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

How is the diagnosis of SIADH made

A

Dx of exclusion. Must rule out cortisol deficiency, hypothyroidism, and other causes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What is the most common cause of SIADH

A

Small cell lung cancer

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What drugs are associated with SIADH

A 
Antidepressants
Anticonvulsants
Antipsychotics
Cyclophosphamide
Opiates 
MDMA
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What is the goal when replacing the sodium of symptomatic hyponatremic patients

A

Decrease symptoms (3%) saline

if over corrected give 5% dextrose, DDVAP, or both

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What are some complications of hyponatremia

A 
Osteoporosis
Falls
Seizures
Coma
Death
Osmotic Demylenation Syndrome
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What occurs in osmotic demylenation syndrome

A

2-6 days after rapid correction, demyelination occurs in the pontine and extrapontine neurons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

In which populations is hypernatremia seen

A

Infants and the elderly

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What are the risk factors for developing hypernatremia

A 
Trauma
Burns
ICU
Dementia
uncontrolled DM
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What is the most common cause of hypernatremia

A

Unreplaced water loss

sodium overload is less common

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What is the goal correction rate in chronic hypernatremia

A

10-12 mEq/day

17
Q

What are the two steps in treating hypernatremia

A

replace water deficit

Correct underlying cause leading to water loss

18
Q

What organ is the primary regulator of renal potassium

A

kidney

19
Q

Which part of the kidney works in potassium excretion

A

distal part of nephron

20
Q

What defines hyperkalemia

A

> 5.0 or 5.5 mEq/L

21
Q

What are the risk factors that are associated with developing hyperkalemia

A 
AKI
CKD
DM
MEdications 
Malignancy 
Rhabdo 
Old
22
Q

What are the main, life threatening categories of hyperkalemia complication

A

Cardiac Arrhythmia
Skeletal muscle weakness
Metabolic acidosis

23
Q

What are the two main reasons for hyperkalemia

A

Transcellular shift

Decreased renal K secretion

24
Q

What is pseudo hyperkalemia

A

artificial increase of serum K due to cell lysis

ie leukocytosis

25
Q

in decreased renal K secretion what are the pathologies that lead to hyperkalemia

A

low aldosterone secretion/resistance

AKI or CKD

26
Q

What classes of drugs are liable to induce hyperkalemia

A

Anything that hurts RAAS

ACEi
ARB
Renin inhibitors

27
Q

What test do we NOT order to diagnose hyperkalemia

A

Transtubular Potassium Gradient

28
Q

What is the treatment of hyperkalemia when you have peaked T waves

A

Calcium gluconate to stabilize cardiac membrane

29
Q

What is the treatment of hyperkalemia if the etiology is transcellular shift

A

Insulin

B-2 Agonist

30
Q

What is the treatment if potassium removal is the goal

A

Loop diuretic or thiazide

Exchange resins

  • -Sodium polystyrene
  • -Zirconium cyclosilicate
  • -Patiromer
31
Q

What are the clinical manifestations and complications associated with hypokalemia

A 
Cardiac Arrhythmias (PAC, PVC, Tachy, brady)
Weakness
Rhabdo 
Alkalosis 
Nephrogenic diabetes insipidus
32
Q

What are the three main reasons for hypokalemia

A

Transcellular shift (Insulin and B2 agonist most common)
Extrarenal loss
Renal loss

33
Q

What amount are you looking for in hypokalemia in a 24 hour urine collection to confirm potassium wasting

A

> 25-30 mEq/day

Urine K/Cr ratio normally <13
–higher values indicate wasting

34
Q

What are the treatment steps for hypokalemia

A

Treat underlying cause
Replace potassium (.1 mEq/L for every 10 mEq of KCl)
Replace Magnesium if low
Repeat K to ensure normalization

CPR Exam 3 (15 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions