Renal Pathology 7

Question 1

what is the earliest manifestation of bilateral partial obstruction?

Answer 1

the inability to concentrate urine (hypoosthenuria)

Question 2

what are some familial and hereditary predispositions to stone formation?

Answer 2

cystinuria and primary hyperoxaluria, HGPRT deficiency

Question 3

what are the most common type of stones?

Answer 3

calcium oxalate and phosphate

Question 4

when do magnesium ammonium phosphate stones form?

Answer 4

largely after infection by urea splitting bacteria (proteus, pseudomonas, klebisella)

Question 5

what type of stone is a staghorn calculi?

Answer 5

magnesium ammonium phosphate stones

Question 6

calcium stones are associated with what disorders?

Answer 6

hypercalcemia and hypercalciuria (hyperparathyroidism, diffuse bone disease, sarcoidosis, and other hypercalcemic states)

Question 7

what are the associations with uric acid stones?

Answer 7

hyperuricemia; uric acid stones are radiolucent