Disorders of sodium and potassium regulation

Question 1

what is mild hyponatremia?

Answer 1

130-134

Question 2

what is moderate hyponatremia?

Answer 2

120-129

Question 3

what is severe hyponatremia?

Answer 3

anything less than 120

Question 4

what are the risk factors for hyponatremia?

Answer 4

CHF, cirrhosis, nephrotic syndrome, pneumonia

Question 5

what is normal serum osmolarity?

Answer 5

280-290

Question 6

serum osmolarity is regulated by 2 main systems, what are they?

Answer 6

ADH system and the thirst mechanism from osmoreceptor signals

Question 7

ADH is released in response to osmotic and non-osmotic stimuli; what are the osmotic stimuli?

Answer 7

from increases in serum osmolarity detected by osmoreceptors in the anterior hypothalamus

Question 8

ADH is released in response to osmotic and non-osmotic stimuli; what are some examples of the non-osmotic stimuli?

Answer 8

baroreceptors (from decreases in blood pressure or blood volume), nausea, hypoxia, pain, medications, pregnancy

Question 9

what things increase ADH?

Answer 9

increased plasma osmolarity, decreased blood volume, decreased blood pressure, nausea, hypoxia; drugs: morphine, nicotine, and cyclophosphamide

Question 10

what things decrease ADH?

Answer 10

decreased plasma osmolarity, increased blood volume, and increased blood pressure; drugs: alcohol, clonidine, and haloperidol

Question 11

the clinical manifestations of hyponatremia depend on what?

Answer 11

the severity and acuity of the hyponatremia