Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Diagnostic Sonography Hagen > Renal pathologies > Flashcards

Renal pathologies Flashcards

1
Q
  • Most common renal tumor in neonates and children. -Associated with polyhydramnios.
  • Hard to distinguish between Wilms tumor on ultrasound.
A

Mesoblastic Nephroma

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q
  • Majority(95%) of bladder tumors
  • Focal thickening/solid mass of bladder
  • hematuria is most common clinical sign
A

Transitional Cell Carcinoma

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q
  • Herniation of bladder wall occurs
  • “outpouchings” may be singular or multiple
  • normal bladder wall thickness:
    • <5mm nondistended
    • <3mm distended
A

bladder diverticulum(abnormal sac/pouch)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q
  • very echogenic foci with posterior shadowing

- use doppler for “twinkle artifact” if this is suspected

A

Urolithiasis(kidney stones)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q
  • acquired
  • occurs when a blood vessel wall is injured and the leaking blood collects in the surrounding tissue
  • may develop after graft anastomosis, renal biopsy, or intratumoral hemorrhage
  • Sonography shows a round hypoechoic or cystic mass in the renal parenchyma that fills with color signal on color flow Doppler imaging.
A

Pseudoaneurysm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q
  • an abnormal connection between an artery and a vein in which blood flows directly from an artery into a vein, bypassing some capillaries
  • diagnosis is based on detection of a perivascular artifact that reflects local tissue vibration produced by the arteriovenous shunt.
A

Arteriovenous fistulas

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

-Occurs when part of the tissue undergoes
necrosis after the cessation of the blood supply
- ______ within the renal parenchyma appear as
irregular areas, somewhat triangular in shape, and
along the periphery of the renal border
- Irregular area may be slightly more echogenic than
renal parenchyma.
- renal contour may be “lumpy-bumpy”

A

renal infarction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q
  • Most common correctable cause of hypertension
  • symptoms include acute hypertension, or uncontrollable hypertension
  • may produce decresed renal size <9cm
  • Renal artery/Aorta Ratio(RAR) is >3.5
  • Overall waveform shape is “tartus parvus”(small, slow pulse)
A

Renal Artery Stenosis(RAS)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Normal resistive index is

A

< 0.7

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

R.I. formula is….

A

(Peak systolic velocity - End diastolic velocity)/ Peak systolic velocity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

renal dysfunction results in loss of flow in _____

A

diastole

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q
  • hyperparathyroidism is the most common cause
  • A.K.A. Albright’s Calcinosis or Anderson’s Carr
  • Cortical—-increased cortex echogenicity with spared pyramids
  • Medullary–pyramids become more echogenic than cortex
A

Nephrocalcinosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q
  • destruction of renal parenchyma

- symptoms—Staghorn Calculus, large nonfuctioning kidney, multiple infections

A

Xanthogranulomatous Pyelonephritis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q
  • Occurs when gas/air are in the renal parenchyma
  • may be cause by E. Coli
  • Enlarged hypoechoic kidneys, gas may cause “comet-tail”
  • usually unilateral
A

Emphysematous Pyelonephritis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q
  • Infection that results from bacterial invasion of
    the renal parenchyma
  • when this is focal, its called “Acute Focal Bacteria Nephritis or Lobar Nephronia
  • focal wedged- shaped area similar to renal infarction
A

Acute Pyelonephritis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q
  • Fungal infection in the drainage structures

- hyperechoic, nonshadowing masses within the renal pelvis

A

Mycetoma/Fungal ball

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q
  • occurs when pus is found within the collecting renal system
  • emergency that requires urgent intravenous
    antibiotherapy or percutaneous drainage or both
  • low level echoes with a
    fluid-debris level in a dilated renal collecting system
A

Pyonephrosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q
  • wide ureter, greater than 7mm in diameter
  • more common in males(4:1)
  • left side more commonly affected
A

Megaureter

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q
  • R.I. greater than .7
  • UVJ is most common area for stone
  • graded 1-4. 4 being the worst
A

Hydronephrosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q
  • diffusely echogenic kidney with a loss of normal anatomy
  • if bilater, both kidneys are small
  • May be the result of hypertension, chronic inflammation, or chronic ischemia
A

Chronic Renal Disease/ Chronic Renal Injury

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

-Most common cause of AKI
-Bilaterally enlarged kidneys evident with hyperechoic
pyramids

A

Acute Tubular Necrosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q
  • Most important issue is presence or absence of
    urinary tract dilation
  • kidneys may be normal/enlarged and hypoechoic
A

Acute Renal Failure/Acute Kidney Injury

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Causes of renal failure

A

Pre renal
Renal
Post renal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Pre-renal

A

inadequate perfusion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Renal

A

Medical renal disease, acute tubular necrosis

26
Q

Post-renal

A

obstructive nephropathy

27
Q

occurs when cells at the apex of the renal pyramids are destroyed

A

papillary necrosis

28
Q
  • a connective tissue disorder resulting from an abnormal immune system
  • women affected more, 20-40 y/o
  • kidney much more echogenic than liver
  • hematuria, proteinuria, hypertension, renal vein thrombosis, renal insufficiency
A

Lupus Nephritis

29
Q
  • associated with scarlet fever, dipheria
  • may be manifestation to allergic reaction to certain drugs
  • fever, uremia, proteinuria, rash, eosinophilia(WBC)
A

Acute Interstitial Nephritis

30
Q

filter blood and make urine

A

glomeruli

31
Q

-Necrosis, damage/proliferation of cellular
elements in the glomeruli
- enlarged, poorly functioning kidney
-acute hematuria, RBC in urine, hypertension, anemia, peripheral edema
- kidney more echogenic than liver

A

Acute Glomerulonephritis

32
Q
  • tumor of fat cells
  • more often in women
  • usually asymptomatic, possible hematuria
  • well-defined, echogenic mass in kidney
A

Lipoma

33
Q
  • uncommon, usually benign
  • pain, hematuria
  • middle aged and older patients
  • “spoke-wheel” pattern with central scar
  • hard to differentiate from RCC
A

Oncocytoma

34
Q
  • Most common benign renal tumor
  • usually in right kidney
  • composed of fat, muscle, blood vessels
  • found in 80% of pts with tuberous sclerosis
  • hyperechoic(depending on amount of fat etc…)
A

Angiomyolipoma (AML)

35
Q
  • Most common abdominal malignancy and solid renal tumor in pediatric patients
  • peak incidents 2.5-3 y/o’s
  • abdominal flank mass, hematuria, fever, anorexia
  • hypoechoic to moderately echogenic
  • 40% of pts have renal vein/ vena cava thrombosis
A

Wilms tumor/ Nephroblastoma

36
Q

mets to the kidneys are

A

common

37
Q

most common primary malignancies that metastasize to the kidneys–

A

lung, breast, RCC of contralateral kidney

38
Q
  • bilateral invasion with multiple nodules
  • kidneys are enlarged and hypoechoic
  • nonhodgkin is more common than hodgkin
A

renal lymphoma

39
Q
  • rare

- large mass in renal pelvis

A

squamous cell carcinoma

40
Q
  • Most common renal neoplasm in adults
    -twice as common in men
    -also called hypernephroma or Grawitz tumor
    AKA adenocarcinoma of kidney
  • hematuria(most common), flank pain, palpable mass
    -isoechoic
  • High end sytolic & diastolic with low RI
A

Renal cell carcinoma

41
Q

_________ in a renal mass is always a sign of malignancy

A

calcifications

42
Q
  • developmental anomaly
  • unilateral or segmental
  • associated with Beckwith-Weidemann syndrome
  • small cysts in medulla and increased echogenicity
A

Medullary Sponge Kidney

43
Q
  • small, echogenic kidneys
  • loss of corticomedullary differentiation
  • multiple medullary cysts under 2cm
A

Medullary cystic disease

44
Q
  • Most common cystic disease in neonates
  • atresia of UPJ
  • kidneys are multicystic with absence of renal parenchyma due to all of the cysts
A

Multicystic Dysplastic Kidney

45
Q
  • bilateral
  • enlarged kidneys with multiple asymmetrical cysts
  • 40-50 y/o’s
  • hypertension, hematuria
  • associated with cysts in liver, spleen, pancrease
A

Autosomal-Dominant Polycystic Kidney Disease/ Adult

46
Q
  • in older children, kidneys are enlarged and echogenic, corticomedullary differentiation lacking.
  • portal hypertension, hepatic fibrosis, GI hemorrhage
  • infantile polycystic disease
A

Autosomal-Recessive Polycystic Kidney Disease/Infantile

47
Q
  • Multi system genetic disease
  • seizures, mental retardation, facial angiofibromas
  • increased incidence of renal cysts and angiomyolipomas
A

Tuberous Sclerosis

48
Q
  • characterized by retinal and CNS hemangioblastomas
  • 20’s-30’s
  • inherited, formation of tumors and cysts
A

Von Hippel-Lindau disease

49
Q
  • originate from the renal sinus
A

parapelvic cysts

50
Q

cystlike enlargement of lower ureter

A

uterocele

51
Q

Pelvis appears as a central cystic area that is
either partially or entirely beyond the confines of
the bulk of the renal substance.
-usually medial to hilum

A

extrarenal pelvis

52
Q

deposition of fat in the renal sinus with parencyma atrophy

A

sinus lipomatosis

53
Q

Surfaces of the kidneys are generally indented
in between the calyces, giving the kidneys a
slightly lobulated appearance.
- usually presents in children up to 5

A

fetal lobulation

54
Q

lab tests for renal disease

A

serum creatinine, BUN(blood urea nitrogren)

55
Q

The main renal vein emerges from the renal hilus, ______ to the renal artery

A

anterior

56
Q

anterior to the right kidney…

A

right adrenal gland, liver, morrisons pouch, second part of duodenum, right colic flexure(Hepatic)

57
Q

anterior to the left kidney…

A

left adrenal gland, spleen, stomach, pancreas, left colic flexure(splenic), coils of jejunum

58
Q

renal fascia is also known as

A

gerota’s fascia

59
Q

most posterior and superior structure

A

renal artery

60
Q

two branches of the renal vein are _____ to the renal artery

A

anterior

Diagnostic Sonography Hagen (8 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions