Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

patho > Renal patho > Flashcards

Renal patho Flashcards

1
Q

what does pyelo means?

A

renal pelvis?

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

what is pyleonephritis? where is it? Acute or chronic?

A

inflame of renal pelvis and parenchyma.

upper UTI

both

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Et of Pyelonephritis

A

various bacteria (usually e.coli

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

what are the risks of pylenephritis?

A

suppressed immunity
catheterization
urinary reflux
diabetes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Patho of pylenephritis?

A

ascending infection and inflm
urethra ->bladder->ureter-> kidney
fibrosis and scar tissue?
-dec renal fx

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

patho of chronic form of pyleonephritis?

A

recurrent inflm-> obstruc or reflux

renal damage-> renal failure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

manifestations of pyleonephritis?

A 
local and systemic of bacterial infect
acute onset
lower back pain
fever
dysuria, freq, urgency
pyuria (discharge of pus)
dec renal function (aka 1)ultrafiltration, reabsorpion, active secretion of filtrate)
Severe htn (chronic form)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

treatment of pyleonephritis?

A

abx (10-14 days)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

how common is a lower UTI?

A

2nd most common infect

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

are there microbes found in the lower UT?

A

no. entirely sterile. there is peri-urethral flora that can migrate from urethra into bladder?

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

what bacteria is commonly found in lower UTI?

A

e.coli

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

is it an ascending or descending infection?

A

ascending. urethra to bladder

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

what defences do we have that prevent UTI from occurring?

A

IR- systemic
local immune response
mucin layer
washout (forceful urine)
men- prostatic fluid contains components that are antimicrobial
women- periurera flora microbial antagonism

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

what is the mucin layer?

A

bladder wall comprises of transitional pith cells that secrete glycoprotein (CHO and protein) which coats the inner layer of the epith tissue (forms barrier between urine and epith) therefore prevents direct contact between act and wall of bladder

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

what are the risks of getting a lower UTI?

A

catheterization
obstr (in terms of BPH)
-stasis (or urine in bladder)
-reflux

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

why is catheterization a risk?

A

bc bacteria attach to catheter and coat themselves with biofilm and secrete this film which is above them and protects them from defences against the body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

what are the manifestations of lower UTI?

A

acute onset
freq
dysuria
lower back/abdm pain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

DX of lower UTI?

A

manifestations
urinalysis
-leukocytes, blood, bacteria
C and S

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Tx of lower UTI

A

Abx and cause

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

what are the 5 categories of glomerular disease?

A 
nephrotic syndromes
nephritis syndromes
sediment disorders
rapidly progressive glomerulnephritis
chronic glomerulonephritis
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

what is nephrotic s syndrome?

A

inc in permeability aka more components mout so will have more ease of ultrafiltration - push out more fluids, lights, nitrogenous wastes
-inc glomerular permb
fluid and protein loss

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

what is nephritis syndrome?

A

dec glomeular permb (pass out less fluid ->water and lights

-fluid and n-waste retention

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

what is sediment disorders?

A

referring to component of urine that has the ability to sediment out
-hematuria, proteinuria

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

what is tricky about proteinuria and protein loss?

A

same manifestations!

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

is glomerulnoephritis pre or post infectious? why? how soon before or after?

A

post because IC must form (ab and AG) and cause damage and inflamation? usually 1-1.5 wk later

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

what are the common infections in glomerulnoephritis?

A

B hemolytic strep infect (streptococcal infect-bacteria)

beta causes hemolysis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

where is the infection (GN) how long?

A

pharynx or skin (7-12 days)

28
Q

who is usually infected in GN? age group

A

mostly children 95% recovery

29
Q

if adults get GN, whats a common complication? how many get this?

A

renal failure

1/3

30
Q

what occurs in GN?

A

Type III hypersensitivity: IC traps in glomerulus and GF is impeded

31
Q

Dx of GN?

A

eGFR, creatinine

32
Q

what are some characteristics of GN?

A

histologic chat,
o Hypercellularity (leukocytes, mesangial & endothelial cells)
o Mesangial- in between capillaries. Don’t know why this happens
o Glomerular englargement exudate forming and swelling d/t inflm process

33
Q

what are some other symptoms of GN

A

oliguria followed by proteinuria, hematuria (less fluid go through so dec urie volume is oliguria and then d/t those ‘holes’ in the vessels you will lose protein and blood bc damage to the capillaries and it will enter the filtrate

Na and water retention - HTN (vol) and edema
bc of dec osmotic pressure and proteinuria

34
Q

tx for GN?

A

self -limiting and symp tx

35
Q

whats another name for renal calculi?

A

nephrolithisasis

36
Q

where do renal calculi form? can they form anywhere else?

A

form in the kidney but can also form in the bladder–> don’t usually remain there

37
Q

who is more likely to get kidney stones? (men or woman)

A

men

38
Q

Et of renal calculi?

A

str changes in UT (constr and stasis)
-inc conc of blood/urine components
dietary and metb factors (what you eat and absorb is metabolized by the cells and waste products and reabsobed into kidneys and filtrated)

39
Q

Patho of renal calculi?

A

kidney proteins inhibit crystallization

-inc solute and or urine stasis-> preciptators in urine -> nucleus -> crystallization

40
Q

mnfts of kidney stones?

A

severe renal colic (min to days)
- usually associated with migration 0f stone
distended ureter (migration)
colicky pain
non colicky pain (distension of renal pelvis & calyces)
N +V d/t pain, diaphoresis

41
Q

why do you have colicky pain and non colicky pain in renal stones?

A

colicky pain because the muscle of the kidney is contracting and relaxing to allow the stone to move

non-colicky pain has to do with the distension of the renal pelvis & calyces

42
Q

Dx of renal calculi

A

pain, US, CT
urinalysis (is it an infection? is it BPH? looking for crystals, casts)
IVP

43
Q

what is IVP? (renal calculi)

A

IV pyelogram- renal pelvis “pyelo”.
o Injecting a contrast medium through venous system and comes through heart and systemic circulation and kidney and will be filtered through kidney and get into renal pelvis, ureter, bladder, urethra and trace whole urinary system and take an Xray and visualize)
o Not done as much

44
Q

Tx of renal calculi?

A

90% passed spotaneously (

45
Q

what is urinary incontinence?

A

voiding urine involuntarily, even when bladder isn’t full

not a disease, more a manifestation

46
Q

Et/Patho of urinary incontinence? 3 kinds?

A

stress incontinence
overflow incontinence
overreactive bladder

47
Q

what occurs in stress incontinence?

A

weak sphincer
the angle bw the bladder and the urethra is changed: 80-100degrees (change in urethra- vesicular angle)
inc intra abdm pressure)

48
Q

what is overflow incontinence?

A

intravesicular pressure > yrethra pressure

retension and bladder distension

49
Q

what are the 3 pressures of the bladder/urethra

A

spincter, distal to sphincter and urethra pressure and sometimes the urethra pressure is greater than the bladder so pushing in or the pressure increase sin bladder to an extent that now exceeds pressure of sphincter and urine will pass through

50
Q

what is overactive bladder?

A

hyperactive detrusor muscle
neurogenic (nerves)/ myogenic (muscle) problem

muscle is defective by excessive stimulation from nervous system or defective muscle

51
Q

Tx for urinary incontinence?

A

drugs (alpha adrenergic receptors) to strengthen the spincter and ac on the muscle of the bladder
Sx- artificial sphincter or prosthesis (fortifying existing sphincter)

52
Q

what is acute in acute renal failure suggesting?

A

short lived and so severe they die quickly or short lived and you can reverse it

53
Q

what is acute renal fialure

A

l/o renal fx
-fluid- electrolyte imbal (excrete and maintain them)
-azotemia (excretes nitrogenous wastes- urea, ammonia, ntrogen, gases)
usually reversible
GFR dec (hr or days)

54
Q

is acute renal failure reversible?

A

yes

55
Q

can you measure acute renal failure by the vol of urine?

A

no bc cold have lights and wastes in the urine

56
Q

how much urine must be excreted to prevent azotemia?

A

400ml/day

57
Q

how much is considered oliguria?

A

100-400ml/day

58
Q

Et of acute kidney failure? 3 groups? how much % wise is each

A

mostly hypovolemia, hypotension

prerenal (hypotension)
intrarenal (GN)
postrenal (BPH)

80-90% is first two

59
Q

how much of CO goes to the kidney?

A

20-25%. less would be trouble

60
Q

Patho of prerenal (acute renal failure)

A

eg dehydration

dec renal perfusion –> oliguria and ischemia

61
Q

patho of internal acute renal failure?

A

eg) kidney infection or GN
3 phases
initiating phase- problem like back causing infect
-preciptating events to mfnts

maintenance
-dec in gfr, oliguria, azotemia

recovery
-tissue replair- gradual inc in GRF
address cause

62
Q

patho of post renal ?

A

eg. BPH. obstr to urine flow

63
Q

manifestations of acute renal failure?

A 
oliguria or anuria
fluid-electrolyte imbalance
azotemia
proteinurai, hematuria 
complicaitons - htn, edema
64
Q

Tx of acute renal failure?

A

stat interventions
replace fluid and lytes
dialysis
diet (inc calorie, cautious about protein)

65
Q

what is dialysis? two kinds?

A

hemodialysis taking the blood and channeling through the machine), peritoneal (consider the glomerulus and it’s a network of capillaries and the capsules and those two components are where filtration occurs, you use this principle within the abdm cavity and use the peritoneum (large membr) that is richly vascularized, you utilize this to do what happens in the glomerulus, introduce a fluid into peritoneal cavity and fluid is separated from blood by the membrane and what you want to filter is in the vessels and filter the components from the vessels into the dialsylate and empty that and get rid of waste and aspirate the fluid and remove it. Peritoneum is semi-permeable membrame

66
Q

what are the stages of chronic renal failure?

A

diminished renal reserve
-GFR drops >50% or normal
no signs of dec renal fx

renal insufficiency
GFR 20-50% of normal

Renal Failure
GFR

67
Q

is chronic rena failure permanent?

A

yes

patho (12 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions