Renal H&A Flashcards by Brett Niles

What is the dense irregular CT on surfact with inner layer of myofibroblasts

Capsule of kidney

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What is the renal cortex anatomically

Outer portion containing renal corpuscles

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Where do the arteries of the kidney come in

At the renal hilum

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What is the renal medulla

Collection of renal pyramids and columns

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What are the renal pyramids

Cone-shaped masses in the medulla projecting into calyx

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What are renal columns

Tissue lying between pyramids running from cortex to the calyx

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What are the renal lobes

Single pyramids plus surrounding adjacent cortex

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What is the renal pelvis

Collecting funnel for urine

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What are renal calyxes

Out-pocketings of the renal pelvis

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What are renal papillae

Projections of medullary pyramids apices into calyxes

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What is the order of blood supply (A) to nephrons

Aorta —> renal A —> segmental A —> interlobar A —> arcuate A —> cortical radiate A —> afferent arteriole

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Where is the lesser splanchnic N

T10-11

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Where is the least splanchnic n

T12

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Where are the lumbar splanchnic n

L1-2

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What is the parasympathetic innervation of the kidney

Vagus

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What does the nephron consist of

Renal corpuscle and renal tubules

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Where is the final concentration of urine

Cortical and medullary collecting ducts

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What are only found in the cortex

PCT and DCT

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What do cortical rays contain

Renal corpuscles, convoluted and straight tubules of the nephron, and portions of collecting ducts

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What is contained in the medulla

Renal columns and renal pyramids

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What are the medullary rays

Aggregation of collecting ducts and straight tubules running between renal corpuscles and convoluted tubules

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What is in the renal interstitium

Fibroblasts that produce EPO based on O2 levels

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What are glomerulus

Tufts of capillaries that are fenestrated

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What are the layers of bowman’s capsules

Visceral layer - consisting of podocytes

Parietal layer - simple squamous epithelium

Glomerular space between the two layers

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Where do we get our first primitive urine

Glomerular capsular space

What is the origin of PCT

Urinary pole

Where do the afferent and efferent arterioles meet

Vascular pole

What are the characteristics of the glomerular endothelium

- thick luminal glycocalyx - large number of aquaporins - can generate NO and PGE2

What layer are the podocytes in

Visceral layer

What do the podocytes do

They function in filtration through their ECM This can be regulated by the cells to make filtration easier or harder based on the conditions

What are the three filters that function in between the glomerular capsule and the PCT

1. The fenestrations in the capillaries 2. The basement membrane 3. The filtration slits that the podocytes give off

Where are the basement membranes

Fused basement membranes of the endothelium and podocytes

What is the size that goes through the filtration membranes

70 kDa

What passes through the filtration membrane

Water, ions, glucose, amino acids, and urea

What is the volume through the kidneys

About 45 gallons/day

What is the general charge of the glomerular basement membrane

Negative

What is the composition of the glomerular basement membrane

Type IV and XVIII collagens, laminin, entactin, proteoglycans

Damage to the basement membrane manifest as

Albuminia - urine albumin levels that are higher than normal

What are mesangial cells

They are support cells that are in between the capillaries

What are the roles of the mesangial cells

- support glomerular loops and ECM of podocytes - phagocytose cellular debris and protein aggregates - control glomerular filtration rate - prevents glomerular distension due to high glomerular BP - secrete GF and cytokines in response to injury - proliferate in certain kidney diseases

What is the most abundant tubule

PCT

What is the most active tubule in resorption and secretion

PCT

What are the characteristics of the PCT

- simple cuboidal to columnar epithelium - tall microvilli - abundant mitochondria

What are the basal and lateral cell membranes high in

NaK ATPase Aquaporins sGLT2

The proximal straight tubule is different than the PCT in what way

- shorter microvilli | - high affinity sGLT1

What portion of the kidney is targeted with glucose removal drugs

PCT

What is the thin portion of the loop of henle made of

Simple squamous lacking brush border

What is the thick ascending segment

Simple cuboidal with numerous microvilli

What does the loop of henle do (generally)

Set up hyperosmotic gradient

What is associated with the thick ascending segment

Capillaries to move reabsorbed ions back into circ

What type of cells are in the DCT

Simple cuboidal epithelium with sparse microvilli and smoother than PCT

What other portion of the kidney is the DCT associated with

Macula densa

Where does angiotensin II influence kidneys

DCT

Where is the final urine osmolarity determined

Collecting tubule/ducts

What are the 2 types of cells in the collecting tubules

Light cells (principal cells) - targets of aldosterone Dark cells (intercalated cells) - involved in H+ and bicarb xport

Where does EtOH affect kidneys

Collecting tubules

Where does ADH and aldosterone affect kidneys

Collecting tubules

What side of the glomerulus higher pressure

Afferent

Where do peritubular capillaries arise from

Efferent arterioles

What do peritubular capillaries surround

Convoluted tubules

What do peritubular capillaries reup

H2O and salts

What do the vasa recta arise from? What do they run along?

Efferent arterioles; loop of henle

What cells secrete renin with low BP

Juxtaglomerular cells

What does the macula densa function in

Monitors salt levels and signals release of renin if sodium is low

What all does renin control

Sodium retention, blood volume, and blood pressure

When is the transitional epithelium relaxed

Empty bladder

What are the layers of the transitional epithelium

Superficial, intermediate, and basal

Where are the fusiform vessibles and urothelial plaques

Superficial layer of transitional epithelium

What proteins keep urine from coming back into circulation

Uroplakin

What is the function of fusiform vesicles

They add more plasma membrane when the cell is distended and take it back up when relaxed

What prevents backflow of urine

Oblique exit of ureters from renal pelvis

What is the long fibromuscular tube carrying urine from the kidneys to the bladder

Urerters

What are the layers of the muscularis? They are in the ___________?

Inner logitudinal layer Outer circular layer Outer longitudinal layer Ureter

What does the muscularis anchor to

Adventitia

What is the trigone

Where the 2 ureters and urethra open

What are the muscle walls of the bladder called

Detrusor muscles

What type of cell is the majority of the urethra

Pseudostratified columnar epithelium

What type of cells are found at the distal end of the urethra

Stratified squamous epithelium

Why are females more prone to UTI

Shorter length of urethra

Which part of the bladder is voluntrary? Involuntary?

External urethral sphincter - voluntary skeletal muscle Internal urethral sphincter - involuntary SM

What are the three named regions of the male urethra

Prostatic urethra - passes through prostate gland Membranous urethra - through urogenital diaphragm; homologous to that found in females Spongy (penile) urethra - passes through the penis and surrounded by cylindrical erectile tissue

What type of cells are found in the most distal end of the urethra in males

Stratified columnar

What are the 2 functions of the male uretra

Transport urine and semen