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Renal Midterm > Renal H&A > Flashcards

Renal H&A Flashcards

1
Q

What is the dense irregular CT on surfact with inner layer of myofibroblasts

A

Capsule of kidney

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2
Q

What is the renal cortex anatomically

A

Outer portion containing renal corpuscles

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3
Q

Where do the arteries of the kidney come in

A

At the renal hilum

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4
Q

What is the renal medulla

A

Collection of renal pyramids and columns

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5
Q

What are the renal pyramids

A

Cone-shaped masses in the medulla projecting into calyx

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6
Q

What are renal columns

A

Tissue lying between pyramids running from cortex to the calyx

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7
Q

What are the renal lobes

A

Single pyramids plus surrounding adjacent cortex

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8
Q

What is the renal pelvis

A

Collecting funnel for urine

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9
Q

What are renal calyxes

A

Out-pocketings of the renal pelvis

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10
Q

What are renal papillae

A

Projections of medullary pyramids apices into calyxes

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11
Q

What is the order of blood supply (A) to nephrons

A

Aorta —> renal A —> segmental A —> interlobar A —> arcuate A —> cortical radiate A —> afferent arteriole

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12
Q

Where is the lesser splanchnic N

A

T10-11

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13
Q

Where is the least splanchnic n

A

T12

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14
Q

Where are the lumbar splanchnic n

A

L1-2

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15
Q

What is the parasympathetic innervation of the kidney

A

Vagus

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16
Q

What does the nephron consist of

A

Renal corpuscle and renal tubules

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17
Q

Where is the final concentration of urine

A

Cortical and medullary collecting ducts

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18
Q

What are only found in the cortex

A

PCT and DCT

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19
Q

What do cortical rays contain

A

Renal corpuscles, convoluted and straight tubules of the nephron, and portions of collecting ducts

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20
Q

What is contained in the medulla

A

Renal columns and renal pyramids

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21
Q

What are the medullary rays

A

Aggregation of collecting ducts and straight tubules running between renal corpuscles and convoluted tubules

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22
Q

What is in the renal interstitium

A

Fibroblasts that produce EPO based on O2 levels

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23
Q

What are glomerulus

A

Tufts of capillaries that are fenestrated

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24
Q

What are the layers of bowman’s capsules

A

Visceral layer - consisting of podocytes

Parietal layer - simple squamous epithelium

Glomerular space between the two layers

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25
Q

Where do we get our first primitive urine

A

Glomerular capsular space

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26
Q

What is the origin of PCT

A

Urinary pole

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27
Q

Where do the afferent and efferent arterioles meet

A

Vascular pole

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28
Q

What are the characteristics of the glomerular endothelium

A
  • thick luminal glycocalyx
  • large number of aquaporins
  • can generate NO and PGE2
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29
Q

What layer are the podocytes in

A

Visceral layer

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30
Q

What do the podocytes do

A

They function in filtration through their ECM

This can be regulated by the cells to make filtration easier or harder based on the conditions

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31
Q

What are the three filters that function in between the glomerular capsule and the PCT

A
  1. The fenestrations in the capillaries
  2. The basement membrane
  3. The filtration slits that the podocytes give off
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32
Q

Where are the basement membranes

A

Fused basement membranes of the endothelium and podocytes

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33
Q

What is the size that goes through the filtration membranes

A

70 kDa

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34
Q

What passes through the filtration membrane

A

Water, ions, glucose, amino acids, and urea

35
Q

What is the volume through the kidneys

A

About 45 gallons/day

36
Q

What is the general charge of the glomerular basement membrane

A

Negative

37
Q

What is the composition of the glomerular basement membrane

A

Type IV and XVIII collagens, laminin, entactin, proteoglycans

38
Q

Damage to the basement membrane manifest as

A

Albuminia - urine albumin levels that are higher than normal

39
Q

What are mesangial cells

A

They are support cells that are in between the capillaries

40
Q

What are the roles of the mesangial cells

A
  • support glomerular loops and ECM of podocytes
  • phagocytose cellular debris and protein aggregates
  • control glomerular filtration rate
  • prevents glomerular distension due to high glomerular BP
  • secrete GF and cytokines in response to injury
  • proliferate in certain kidney diseases
41
Q

What is the most abundant tubule

A

PCT

42
Q

What is the most active tubule in resorption and secretion

A

PCT

43
Q

What are the characteristics of the PCT

A
  • simple cuboidal to columnar epithelium
  • tall microvilli
  • abundant mitochondria
44
Q

What are the basal and lateral cell membranes high in

A

NaK ATPase
Aquaporins
sGLT2

45
Q

The proximal straight tubule is different than the PCT in what way

A
  • shorter microvilli

- high affinity sGLT1

46
Q

What portion of the kidney is targeted with glucose removal drugs

A

PCT

47
Q

What is the thin portion of the loop of henle made of

A

Simple squamous lacking brush border

48
Q

What is the thick ascending segment

A

Simple cuboidal with numerous microvilli

49
Q

What does the loop of henle do (generally)

A

Set up hyperosmotic gradient

50
Q

What is associated with the thick ascending segment

A

Capillaries to move reabsorbed ions back into circ

51
Q

What type of cells are in the DCT

A

Simple cuboidal epithelium with sparse microvilli and smoother than PCT

52
Q

What other portion of the kidney is the DCT associated with

A

Macula densa

53
Q

Where does angiotensin II influence kidneys

A

DCT

54
Q

Where is the final urine osmolarity determined

A

Collecting tubule/ducts

55
Q

What are the 2 types of cells in the collecting tubules

A

Light cells (principal cells) - targets of aldosterone

Dark cells (intercalated cells) - involved in H+ and bicarb xport

56
Q

Where does EtOH affect kidneys

A

Collecting tubules

57
Q

Where does ADH and aldosterone affect kidneys

A

Collecting tubules

58
Q

What side of the glomerulus higher pressure

A

Afferent

59
Q

Where do peritubular capillaries arise from

A

Efferent arterioles

60
Q

What do peritubular capillaries surround

A

Convoluted tubules

61
Q

What do peritubular capillaries reup

A

H2O and salts

62
Q

What do the vasa recta arise from? What do they run along?

A

Efferent arterioles; loop of henle

63
Q

What cells secrete renin with low BP

A

Juxtaglomerular cells

64
Q

What does the macula densa function in

A

Monitors salt levels and signals release of renin if sodium is low

65
Q

What all does renin control

A

Sodium retention, blood volume, and blood pressure

66
Q

When is the transitional epithelium relaxed

A

Empty bladder

67
Q

What are the layers of the transitional epithelium

A

Superficial, intermediate, and basal

68
Q

Where are the fusiform vessibles and urothelial plaques

A

Superficial layer of transitional epithelium

69
Q

What proteins keep urine from coming back into circulation

A

Uroplakin

70
Q

What is the function of fusiform vesicles

A

They add more plasma membrane when the cell is distended and take it back up when relaxed

71
Q

What prevents backflow of urine

A

Oblique exit of ureters from renal pelvis

72
Q

What is the long fibromuscular tube carrying urine from the kidneys to the bladder

A

Urerters

73
Q

What are the layers of the muscularis? They are in the ___________?

A

Inner logitudinal layer
Outer circular layer
Outer longitudinal layer

Ureter

74
Q

What does the muscularis anchor to

A

Adventitia

75
Q

What is the trigone

A

Where the 2 ureters and urethra open

76
Q

What are the muscle walls of the bladder called

A

Detrusor muscles

77
Q

What type of cell is the majority of the urethra

A

Pseudostratified columnar epithelium

78
Q

What type of cells are found at the distal end of the urethra

A

Stratified squamous epithelium

79
Q

Why are females more prone to UTI

A

Shorter length of urethra

80
Q

Which part of the bladder is voluntrary? Involuntary?

A

External urethral sphincter - voluntary skeletal muscle

Internal urethral sphincter - involuntary SM

81
Q

What are the three named regions of the male urethra

A

Prostatic urethra - passes through prostate gland

Membranous urethra - through urogenital diaphragm; homologous to that found in females

Spongy (penile) urethra - passes through the penis and surrounded by cylindrical erectile tissue

82
Q

What type of cells are found in the most distal end of the urethra in males

A

Stratified columnar

83
Q

What are the 2 functions of the male uretra

A

Transport urine and semen

Renal Midterm (8 decks)

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