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Renal Midterm > Renal Embryology > Flashcards

Renal Embryology Flashcards

1
Q

What portion of the embryo do the kidneys come from

A

Intermediate mesoderm

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2
Q

Where is the intermediate mesoderm located

A

Immediately lateral to the somites

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3
Q

What portion of the kidneys develops first

A

Urinary system

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4
Q

Where does the urogenital ridge form

A

On each side of the dorsal aorta

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5
Q

Where does the nephrogenic cord form from

A

Urogenital ridge

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6
Q

What does the nephrogenic cord give rise to

A

Pronephros, mesonephros, metanephros

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7
Q

What portion of the nephrogenic cord forms the permanent kidneys

A

Metanephros

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8
Q

What is the general order of development of the kidneys

A

Urogenital ridge —> neprhogenic cord —> pronephros —> mesonephros —> metanephros

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9
Q

When does the pronephros form

A

Early in the 4th week in the cervical region

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10
Q

What does the cloaca handle

A

Gives off urinary and GI waste

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11
Q

What does the pronephric ducts dump into the

A

Cloaca

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12
Q

What does the cloaca form in mature adults

A

Bladder

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13
Q

When does the pronephros degenerate

A

24-25 days

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14
Q

What initiates the cascade leading to the formation of the kidney

A

Pronephros

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15
Q

When does the mesonephros appear

A

Late in the 4th week and below the pronephros

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16
Q

Do the mesonephric ducts or tubules develop first

A

Ducts

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17
Q

What induces the tubules to form from the intermediate mesoderm

A

Mesonephric ducts

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18
Q

Mesonephric tubules form the what in mature kidneys

A

Glomerular capsule

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19
Q

When do the mesonephric tubules function as interim kidneys

A

6-10 weeks

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20
Q

When do the mesonephric tubules stop functioning? When do they degenerate

A

10 weeks in females; forms efferent ductules in males

12 weeks

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21
Q

When do the metanephros arise

A

5 weeks

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22
Q

What does the caudal end of each mesonephric duct induce

A

Ureteric bud

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23
Q

What are the 2 parts of the metanephros

A

Ureteric bud and metanephric blastema

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24
Q

Where does the metanephric blastema grow from

A

Nephrogenic cord

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25
Q

How does the metanephros form

A

Reciprocal induction which is essential to proper development

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26
Q

When does the functional and definitive kidney form

A

9-10th week

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27
Q

What does the ureteric bud form

A

Penetrates the blastema and forms the renal pelvis

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28
Q

What does the stalk of the ureteric bud become

A

Ureters

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29
Q

What do the first 4 generations of the collecting tubules form? Next 4?

A

Major calices; minor calices

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30
Q

What does the arched collecting tubule induce the metanephrogenic blastema to form

A

Metanephric vesicles

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31
Q

What do the metanephric vesicles form

A

Metanephric tubules

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32
Q

The upper metanephric tubules differentiate into

A

PCT, DCT, and loop of henle

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33
Q

Where do the permanent kidneys lie

A

In pelvis and move into the abdomen

34
Q

What direction is the hilum previous to its mature location

A

Faces the ventral and rotates 90 degrees

35
Q

When are the kidneys in their adult position

A

9th week

36
Q

What supplies the early kidneys? Adult kldneys?

A

Common iliac A; renal A from abdominal aorta

37
Q

What is a common cause suspected with unilateral renal agenensis

A

Infants with 1 umbilical A; more frequent in males

38
Q

What is a cause of bilateral renal agenesis

A

Oligohydramnios and often concurrent with potter syndrome

39
Q

What is potter syndrome

A

Associated with low amniotic fluid and causes face deformation and clubbed legs

40
Q

What is incomplete division of kidney

A

Divided kidney and bifid ureter

41
Q

What is a complete division

A

Double kidney and bifid ureter or separate urerters

42
Q

What is horseshoe kidney

A

Fusion of inferior poles and its ascent to mature position by inferior mesenteric A

43
Q

Why is horseshoe kidney dangerous

A

Lower back injuries can cause kidney damage

44
Q

What are the issues with accessory renal vessels

A

Occurs in 25% of adult kidneys

2x common as accessory veins

45
Q

What do obstructions in accessory renal vessels result in

A

Hydronephrosis

46
Q

What are the parts of the urogenital sinus

A

Vesical part - forms most of the urinary bladder

Pelvic part - forms neck of bladder, prostatic urethra (m), and urethra (f)

Phallic part - forms spongy urethra (m) and lining of vaginal vestibule (f)

47
Q

What layer does the bladder form from

A

Endoderm

48
Q

What forms the trigone

A

Mesonephric duct

49
Q

What does the bladder develop from

A

Vesical part of the urogenital sinus

50
Q

What does the epithelium of the bladder form from

A

Endoderm (urogenital sinus)

51
Q

Where does the submucosa and muscularis form from

A

Splanchnic mesoderm

52
Q

What does the trigone form from

A

Intermediate mesoderm (mesonephric ducts)

53
Q

Bladder is continuous with what

A

Allantois

54
Q

What does the allantois constrict and form

A

Urachus —> medial umbilical ligament in adults

55
Q

When does exstrophy of the bladder arise

A

4th week during body folding

56
Q

What is exstrophy of the bladder

A

Defective closure of ventral abdominal wall

Exposure of mucosa of the posterior wall of bladder

57
Q

What is epispadias

A

Urethral opening is on the dorsum of the genital tubercle rather than on its ventral side

58
Q

What does epispadias occur frequently with

A

Exstrophy of the bladder

59
Q

What are the urachal anomalies

A

Urachal cysts - cysts can become infected and enlarged

Urachal sinus - end of the urachus remains open into the bladder

Urachal fistula - entire urachus remains patent and allows urine to come out of the umbilicus

60
Q

What re the symptoms of urachal anomalies

A

Leakage from umbilicus or UTI

61
Q

What is the origin of chromaffin cells

A

Neural crest cells

62
Q

When does the suprarenal gland form

A

5th week

63
Q

What is the origin of the suprarenal gland

A

Intermediate mesoderm

64
Q

When does the fetal cortex regress

A

2nd month

65
Q

What do cortical cells of suprarenal gland reorganize into

A

Zona glomerulosa, zona fasiculata, zona reticularis

66
Q

What does the fetal cortex secrete

A

DHEA (dehydroepiandrosterone) converted by placenta to estradiol

This is essential for maintaining pregnancy and also secretes ACTH and glucocorticoids

67
Q

What 2 things communicating are responsible for the development of the kidney

A

Metanephric blastema and metanephric tubules

68
Q

What does the ureteric bud form in adults

A

Ureter, renal pelvis, major and minor calyces, collecting ducts

69
Q

What does the metanephric blatema form in adults

A

Bowman’s capsule, PCT, DCT, LoH

70
Q

What causes duplications in the kidney

A

Abnormal division of ureteric bud

71
Q

What is defective in polycystic kidney disease

A

Autosomal recessive mutation of PKHD1

72
Q

What do you find physically in polycystic kidney disease

A

Cysts present in both kidneys and renal insufficiency

Often found with pulmonary hypoplasia (oligohydramnios)

73
Q

In multicystic kidney disease what are the cysts likely to have formed from

A

Dilations of LoH

74
Q

What is the big difference between polycystic kidney disease and multicystic dysplastic kidney disease

A

PKD = both kidneys affected

MDKD = one kidney affected

75
Q

What does the bladder mainly develop from

A

Vesical part of urogenital sinus

76
Q

What does the bladder epithelium come from

A

Endoderm (urogenital sinus)

77
Q

What does the bladder submucosa and muscularis form from

A

Splanchnic mesoderm

78
Q

What does the trigone form from

A

Intermediate mesoderm (mesonephric ducts)

79
Q

What does the zona glomerulosa produce

A

Mineralocorticoids

80
Q

What does the zona fasiculata produce

A

Glucocorticoids

81
Q

What does the zona reticularis produce

A

Sex hormones

82
Q

What does the fetal cortex secrete and what does the placenta convert it to

A

DHEA; estradiol

Renal Midterm (8 decks)

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