Renal/Genitourinary Flashcards
Renal tubular acidosis associated with abnormal H+ secretion and nephrolithiasis
Type 1 (distal) RTA
Renal tubular acidosis associated with abnoral HCO3- reabsorption and rickets
Type 2 (proximal) RTA
Renal tubular acidosis associated with low aldosterone state
Type 4 (distal) RTA
Treatment of hypernatremia
Normal saline if vital signs are unstable.
Otherwise, D5 water or half-normal saline to replace free water loss
Differential diagnosis of hypotonic hypervolemic hyponatemia
Cirrhosis CHF Nephrotic syndrome Acute kidney injury Chronic kidney disease
Chvostek and Trousseau signs
Hypocalcemia
The most common 2 causes of hypercalcemia
Malignancy and hyperparathyroidism
T-wave flattening and U waves
Hypokalemia
Peaked T waves and widened QRS
Hyperkalemia
Treatment of hyperkalemia
C BIG K: Calcium gluconate Bicarb Insulin Glucose Kayexelate
First-line treatment for moderate hypercalcemia
IV hydration
Type of AKI in a patient with Fe_Na <1%
Prerenal
A 49-year-old man presents with acute-onset flank pain and hematuria
Nephrolithiasis
The most common type of nephrolithiasis
Calcium oxalate
Test of choice for nephrolithiasis
Noncontrast CT
Ultrasonography shows bilateral enlarged kidneys with cysts. Associated brain anomaly?
Autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease.
Associated with cerebral berry aneurysm
Hematuria, hypertension, and oliguria
Nephritic syndrome
Proteinuria, hypoalbuminemia, hyperlipidemia, hyperlipiduria, and edema
Nephrotic syndrome
The most common form of nephrotic syndrome in adults
Focal segmental glomerulosclerosis
Nephritic syndrome presenting 3 days after URI with a normal C3
IgA nephropathy (Berger disease)
Palpable purpura, arthralgias, abdominal pain
Henoch-Schonlein purpura
Glomerulonephritis with deafness
Alport syndrome
Glomerulonephritis with hemoptysis
Granulomatosis with polyangitis or Goodpasture syndrome
Presence of red cell casts in urine sediment
Glomerulonephritis / nephritic syndrome
Eosinophils in urine sediment
Allergic interstitial nephritis
Waxy casts in urine sediment and Maltese crosses (seen with lipiduria)
Nephrotic syndrome
Muddy brown casts
Acute tubular necrosis
Drowsiness, asterixis, nausea, and a pericardial friction rub
Uremic syndrome seen in patients with renal failure
A 55-year-oldman is diagnosed with prostate cancer. Treatment options?
Wait, surgical resection, radiation therapy, and/or androgen suppression.
Hematuria in a 50-year-old smoker
Bladder cancer
Hematuria, flank pain, and palpable flank mass
Renal cell carcinoma (RCC)
Testicular cancer associated with beta-hCG
Choriocarcinoma
The most common type of testicular cancer
Seminoma (a type of germ cell tumor)
The most common histology of bladder cancer
Transitional cell carcinoma
Complication of overly rapid correction of hyponatremia
Central pontine myelinolysis
Salicylate ingestion occurs in what type of acid-base disorder?
Anion gap acidosis plus primary respiratory alkalosis due to central respiratory stimulation
Acid-base disturbance commonly seen in pregnant women
Respiratory alkalosis
A 55-year-old man presents with irritative and obstructive urinary symptoms. Treatment options?
Probably BPH. Options include no treatment, terazosin, finasteride, or surgical intervention (TURP).
