Cardiovascular Flashcards

1
Q

Classic EKG finding in atrial flutter

A

“Sawtooth” P waves

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2
Q

Definition of unstable angina

A

Angina that is new or worsening with no increase in troponin level

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3
Q

Antihypertensive for a diabetic patient with proteinuria

A

ACE inhibitor

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4
Q

Beck triad for cardiac tamponade

A

Hypotension, distant heart sounds, jugular venous distension (JVD)

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5
Q

Drugs that slow heart rate (4)

A

Beta blockers, calcium channel blockers, digoxin, amiodarone

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6
Q

Hypercholesterolemia treatment that leads to flushing and pruritis

A

Niacin

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7
Q

Murmur of hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy

A

Systolic ejection murmur heard best along the lateral sternal border that increases with decreased preload (e.g. Valsalva maneuver)

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8
Q

Murmur of aortic insufficiency

A

Austin flint murmur: diastolic, decrescendo, low-pitched, blowing murmur that is best heard sitting up and increases with increase afterload (e.g. handgrip maneuver)

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9
Q

Murmur of aortic stenosis

A

Systolic crescendo/decrescendo murmur that radiates to the neck. Increases with increase preload (e.g. squatting maneuver)

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10
Q

Murmur of mitral regurgitation

A

Holosystolic murmur that radiates to the axilla and increases with increased afterload (e.g. handgrip maneuver)

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11
Q

Murmur of mitral stenosis

A

Diastolic, mid-to-late, low-pitched murmur preceded by an opening snap

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12
Q

Treatment for atrial fibrillation and atrial flutter

A

If unstable: cardiovert

If stable or chronic: rate control with CCBs or beta-blockers

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13
Q

Treatment for ventricular fibrillation

A

Immediate defibrillation

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14
Q

Dressler syndrome

A

Autoimmune reaction with fever, pericarditis, and increased ESR occurring 2-4 weeks post-MI

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15
Q

IV drug use with JVD and a holosystolic murmur at the left sternal border. Treatment?

A

Treat existing heard failure and replace the tricuspid valve.

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16
Q

Diagnostic test for hypertrophic cardiomyopathy

A

Echocardiogram (showing a thickened LV wall and outflow obstruction)

17
Q

Pulsus paradoxus

A

Decrease in systolic pressure of >10 mm Hg with inspiration; seen in cardiac tamponade

18
Q

Classic EKG findings in pericarditis

A

Low-voltage, diffuse ST-segment elevation

19
Q

Eight surgically correctable causes of hypertension

A
  1. Renal artery stenosis
  2. Aortic coarctation
  3. Pheochromocytoma
  4. Conn syndrome (primary aldosteronism)
  5. Cushing syndrome
  6. Unilateral renal parenchymal disease
  7. Hyperthyroidism
  8. Hyperparathyroidism
20
Q

Evaluation of a pulsatile abdominal mass and bruit

A

Abdominal ultrasound and CT

21
Q

Indications for surgical repair of abdominal aortic aneurysm

A

> 5.5 cm, rapidly enlarging, symptomatic, or ruptured

22
Q

Treatment for acute coronary syndrome

A

ASA, clopidogrel, heparin, sublingual nitroglycerin, IV beta blockers, oxygen, morphine

23
Q

Metabolic syndrome

A

Abdominal obesity, high triglycerides, low HDL, hypertension, insulin resistance, prothrombotic or proinflammatory state

24
Q

Appropriate diagnostic test for:
A. 50 year old man with stable angina who can exercise to 85% of maximum predicted heart rate
B. 65 year old woman with left bundle branch block and severe osteoarthritis has unstable angina

A

A: Exercise stress treadmill with EKG
B: Pharmacologic stress test (e.g. dobutamine echo)

25
Q

Signs of active ischemia during stress testing

A

Angina, ST segment changes, decreased BP

26
Q

EKG findings suggesting MI

A

ST-segment elevation (depression means ischemia), flattened T waves, and Q waves

27
Q

Coronary territories in MI

A

Anterior wall: LAD/diagonal
Inferior: PDA
Posterior: Left circumflex/oblique, RCA/marginal
Septum: LAD/diagonal

28
Q

A young patient with angina at rest and ST-segment elevation with normal cardiac enzymes

A

Prinzmetal angina

29
Q

Common symptoms associated with silent MIs

A

CHF, shock, AMS

30
Q

Diagnostic test for PE

A

CT with contrast

31
Q

Protamine

A

Reverses the effect of heparin

32
Q

Prothrombin time

A

The coagulation parameter affected by warfarin

33
Q

A young patient with a family history of sudden death collapses and dies while exercising

A

Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy

34
Q

Endocarditis prophylaxis regimens

A

Oral surgery: amoxicillin for certain situations

GI or GU procedures: not recommended

35
Q

Virchow triad

A

Stasis, hypercoagulability, endothelial damage

36
Q

The most common cause of hypertension in young women? Young men?

A

Women: OCPs
Men: Excessive alcohol

37
Q

Figure 3 sign

A

Aortic coarctation

38
Q

Water bottle-shaped heart

A

Pericardial effusion. Look for pulsus paradoxus