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RENAL FUNCTION (p1) Flashcards

1
Q
  • Functional unit of the kidney
A

NEPHRONS

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2
Q

TYPES OF NEPHRONS:
- For Urine Concentration
- Longer loops of Henle
- Located at the MEDULLA of the kidney

A

JUXTAMEDULLARY NEPHRON

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3
Q

TYPES OF NEPHRONS:
- Removal of waste products
- Reabsorption of filled nutrients
- Located at the CORTEX part of the kidney

A

CORTICAL

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4
Q

KIDNEY is an endocrine gland that secretes hormones such as:
- regulate the RBC production

A

ERYTHROPOEITIN

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5
Q

KIDNEY is an endocrine gland that secretes hormones such as:
- For regulation of calcium and phosphate of the blood.

A

CALCITONIN

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6
Q

o 25% of the blood goes here
o Blood ENTERS the glomerulus
o Big tube = DECREASE blood flow and pressure

A

Afferent arterioles (RENAL ARTERY)

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6
Q
  • Maintains blood volume and pressure
  • Maintains balance of electrolyte
A

KIDNEY

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7
Q

o Blood LEAVES the glomerulus
o Small tube = INCREASE blood pressure and flow

A

Efferent arteriole

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8
Q
  • Provides immediate REABSORPTION OF ESSENTIAL SUBSTANCES
A

PERITUBULAR CAPILLARIES/PROXIMAL COVOLUTED TUBULE

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9
Q
  • Major exchange of water and salts take place
A

VASA RECTA/LOOPS OF HENLE

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10
Q
  • Final adjustment of the urinary composition
A

DISTAL CONVOLUTED TUBULE

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11
Q

Renal blood flow

A

1200 mL/min

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11
Q

RENAL VEIN:
- Average body size

A

1.73 m3 of surface

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12
Q

3 LAYERS OF GLOMERULUS

A

A. Capillary wall
B. Basement membrane
C. Bowman’s capsule inner layer

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13
Q

Renal plasma flow

A

600-700 L/mL

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14
Q
  • Located in Bowman’s capsule
  • Cellular structure
  • Hydrostatic and oncotic pressure
  • Renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system
A

GLOMERULUS

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15
Q

LAYERS OF GLOMERULUS:
➢ Endothelial cells have pores (fenestrated)
➢ Large molecules and cells are blocked

A

CAPILLARY WALLS

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16
Q

LAYERS OF GLOMERULUS
➢ Further restriction of large molecules

A

BASEMENT MEMBRANE

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17
Q

LAYERS OF GLOMERULUS:
➢ Intertwining podocytes
➢ Membrane covered filtration slits

A

BOWMAN’S CAPSULE INNER LAYER

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18
Q
  • Regulates blood flow
  • Responds to blood pressure and plasma sodium changes
A

RENIN-ANGIOTENSINE-ALDOSTERONE SYSTEM (RAAS)

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19
Q
  • Initiates RAAS in response to blood pressure changes
  • Distal convoluted tubule
A

MACULA DENSA

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20
Q

▪ Afferent arteriole / efferent arteriole

A

Juxtaglomerular cells

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21
Q

RAAS CASCADE:

A
  • Renin secreted by Juxtaglomerular cells
  • Angiotensinogen - blood substance
  • Angiotensin I ( passes through lungs )
  • Angiotensin (converting enzyme (ACR)
  • Angiotensin ll
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22
Q

An enzyme na mag combine sa angiotenogen

A

RENIN

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23
- RAAS is trigger ed if low forms of:
o Sodium o Water retention o Blood pressure
24
- Composition o Ultrafiltrate of plasma o Same composition minus plasma protein, protein-based substances and cells
GLOMERULAR FILTRATE
25
o Cellular energy and carrier proteins reduced for transport back to blood o Glucose, salts (Na is highest). Amino acids in proximal convoluted tube o Chloride in ascending loop of Henle
ACTIVE TRANSPORT
26
o Controlled by substance concentration on sides of a membrane
PASSIVE TRANSPORT
27
RENAL BLOOD FLOW:
> Afferent Arteriole (Renal Artery) > Efferent Arteriole > Peritubular Capillaries/Proximal > Convoluted Tubule > Vasa Recta/Loops of Henle > Distal Convoluted Tubule > Renal Vein
28
Blood ENTERS the glomerulus
AFFERENT ARTERIOLE (RENAL ARTERY)
29
Blood LEAVES the glomerulus
EFFERENT ARTERIOLE
30
Provide immediate reabsorption of essential substances in the PCT
PERITUBULAR CAPILLARIES/PROXIMAL CONVOLUTED TUBULE
31
Major exchange of WATER and SALT take place
VASA RECTA/LOOPS OF HENLE
32
> Tuft of eight capillary lobes > Located in Bowman's capsule > Nonselective filtration
GLOMERULAR FILTRATION
33
Final adjustment of the urinary composition
DISTAL CONVOLUTED TUBULE
34
3 LAYERS OF GLOMERULUS
1. CAPILLARY WALLS 2. BASEMENT MEMBRANE (aka basal lamina) 3. BOWMAN'S CAPSULE INNER LAYER
35
- Larger afferent and smaller efferent - Prevents decreased glomerular blood flow
LOW SYSTEMIC BLOOD PRESSURE
36
- Larger afferent and smaller efferent - Prevents decreased glomerular blood flow
HIGH SYSTEMIC BLOOD PRESSURE
37
GLOMERULAR FILTRATE -NORMAL
120mL/min of filtrate
38
ULTRAFILTARTE SPECIFIC GRAVITY:
1.010
39
- Cellular energy and carrier proteins needed for transport back to the blood - Glucose, salts (Na is highest), amino acids in proximal convoluted - tubule - Chloride in ascending loop of Henle
ACTIVE TRANSPORT
39
 Controlled by substance concentration gradients on the sides of a membrane  Water reabsorption occurs throughout the nephron  Exception is the ascending loop of Henle  Accompanies high amount of sodium reabsorption in PCT  Urea in PCT and ascending loop of Henle  Sodium in the ascending loop of Henle
PASSIVE TRANSPORT
40
TUBULAR REABSORPTION: substance: GLUC, AMINO ACIDS< SALTS location: proximal convoluted tubule * ACTIVE TRANSPORT OR PASSIVE TRANSPORT?
ACTIVE TRANSPORT OR PASSIVE TRANSPORT
41
TUBULAR REABSORPTION: Substance: CHLORIDE Location: Ascending loop of Henle * ACTIVE TRANSPORT OR PASSIVE TRANSPORT?
ACTIVE TRANSPORT
42
TUBULAR REABSORPTION: substance: SODIUM location: DISTAL convoluted tubule * PASSIVE OR ACTIVE TRANSPORT?
ACTIVE TRANSPORT
43
TUBULAR REABSORPTION: substance: WATER location: proximal convoluted tubule, Descending loop of Henle, and collecting tubules * ACTIVE TRANSPORT OR PASSIVE TRANSPORT?
PASSIVE TRANSPORT
44
TUBULAR REABSORPTION: substance: UREA location: proximal convoluted tubule & ascending loop of Henle * ACTIVE TRANSPORT OR PASSIVE TRANSPORT?
PASSIVE TRANSPORT
45
ANGIOTENSIN * INACTIVE FORM
ANGIOTENSIN 1
46
ANGIOTENSIN * ACTIVE FORM
ANGIOTENSIN 2
47
- release of aldosterone and ADH, vasoconstriction, corrects renal blood flow
ANGIOTENSIN 2
48
TUBULAR CONCENTRATION: > Passive reabsorption of water into the highly concentrated medulla
DESCENDING LOOP OF HENLE
49
TUBULAR CONCENTRATION:  Walls are impervious to water  Chloride actively reabsorbed  Sodium passively reabsorbed
ASCENDING LOOP OF HENLE
50
TUBULAR CONCENTRATION:  Maintains concentration in the medulla  Medulla is diluted by the water from the descending loop  Reconcentrated by sodium and chloride from the filtrate in the ascending loop
COUNTERCURRENT MECHANISM
51
 Aldosterone-controlled Na reabsorption if needed by the body
DCT
52
Collecting Duct Reabsorption: o Water reabsorption controlled by ADH in response to body hydration
FINAL FILTRATE CONCENTRATION
53
Collecting Duct Reabsorption: o Controls permeability of DCT and CT walls to water o Amount of ADH produced
ANTI DIURETIC HORMONE
54
↑Body Hydration = ?
↓ADH = ↑Urine Volume
55
↓Body Hydration = ?
↓Urine Volume
56
- Eliminates nonfiltered wastes
TUBULAR SECRETION
57
TUBULAR SECRETION: - Filtrate to blood
REABSORPTION
58
TUBULAR SECRETION: - Blood to fltrate
SECRETION
59
ACID-BASE BALANCE:  Secretion of H+ prevents excretion of HCO3-  Filtered bicarbonate is returned to the plasma
BICARBONATE
60
ACID-BASE BALANCE:  Small hydrogen ions are readily reabsorbed and may need to be excreted  Excess hydrogen ions not required to return filtered bicarbonate are excreted as H2PO4
PHOSPHATE
61
ACID-FAST BALANCE: - (NH) is produced and secreted by the DCT  H+ combines to form NH4+ that cannot be reabsorbed  Additional ammonia is produced from the metabolism of glutamine in the PCT
AMMONIA

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