Renal Function & Haematopoiesis Flashcards
Normal RBC destruction:
Mean lifespan:
The cells are removed —- by —- of the — system
RBC — deteriorates as — are degraded.
protoporphyrin is a constituent of blood which is transferred into —-, it is then — in the liver.
Bilirubin enters the — and is either made into —- as faeces or it is — and goes to the kidneys where the — is excreted as urine.
120 days extravascularly macrophages reticuloendothelial metabolism enzymes bilirubin conjugated gut stercobilinogen reabsorbed urobilinogen
Abnormal RBC destruction:
Intravascular — plays little role in normal RBC —,
, this type of haemolysis s associated haemolytic —,
These are characterised — rate of RBC destruction.
There will be more free — in the plasma which may lead to —- as there is more of this present in the urine
haemolysis destruction anaemias increased. haemoglobin haemoglobinuria
Haemolytic anaemias:
Decreased RBC life due to — of red blood cells,
This can be masked by compensatory — in production of RBC in the —.
Name two causes of haemolysis:
destruction increase bone marrow Defect in RBC (inherited) Abnormality in RBC environment (acquired)
5 types of acquired haemolytic anaemias:
Immune e.g antibodies red cell fragmentation syndrome Infections chemicals Secondary (liver or renal failure)
Haemolytic transfusion reactions:
This is a reaction to — blood with a previously unseen —
There is increased — of RBCs
Intravascular:
activation of classical pathway of — activation and rupture of —-
—- is released into the plasma
Extravascular:
Involves antibodies that fail to activate complement, but are phagocytosed by —
there is a subsequent release of — into the —
Liiberation of large quantities of Hg into the plasma cauing excess Hg in the urine is called
In fatalities, death may be caused by —/—/— and associated — and acute — failure
foreign antigen destruction complement RBCs HG macrophages/monocytes Hg Plasma Haemoglobinuria Disseminated intravascular coagulation hypotension renal
Kindeys receive ??% of cardiac output
Kidneys maintain volume of – and the concentration of its —, such as — and —, it also keeps the — within the physiological range.
Kidneys produce the hormone — to regulate synthesis of —
25 plasma elctrolytes Na+ K+ pH Erythropoietin RBCs
Erythropoietin production (increases/decreases) in anaemia? This may be when haemoglobin in unable to --- 02 normally, or when 02 concentration in the --- is low, or when there is defecive --- or ---- function, or when there is damage to the --- circulation which affects 02 delivery to the ---
Increases release atmosphere cardiac pulmonary Renal Kidneys
What is normochromic anaemia?
In NA there is defective secretion of —
Uraemic serum contains factors that limit proliferation of —/—
In severe uraemia, red cells show abnormalities including — cells and — cells
This is where the Hg is in the red blood cells is within the standard range but there is a decreased number of red blood cells. EPO Erythroid Progenitors Spur Burr
Factors complicating anaemia of CRF:
deficiency of — from blood loss during —
— deficiency in some chronic dialysis patients
excess of — in patients on chronic dialysis inhibits production of the hormone —
Iron dialysis Folate Aluminium EPO
Thrombopoiesis (platelet production):
Thrombopoietin is a hormone produced by the — and —
If there are low numbers of platelets, less — is absorbed and more gets back to the —/—
+ vice versa
Kidneys
Liver
Thromobopoietin
Bone Marrow
Multiple myelomas:
This is the accumulation of — cells in the –/–
There is presence of the — protein in the — and —
Malignant plasma cells have clonally rearranged — genes and secrete excess —
Plasma bone marrow Monoclonal Serum Urine
In patients with Multiple Myelomas, there is a fault with the normal differentiation and —- of — cells in nodal or splenic —- follicles
There is over production of plasma —
these replace normal cells and do not —
— protein is produced
maturation B Lymphoid blasts die Monoclonal
Clinical features of Multiple Myelomas: There is ---- of blood --- Failure anaemia Cryoglobulinaemia clotting problems Tendancy to bleed
Renal
