Nephritis Flashcards
Acidosis is associated with increased concentration of — in the plasma, this is called —, Alkalosis is the opposite and is called —
potassium
Hyperkalaemia
Hypokalaemia
Proximal tube dysfunction:
Here, the tubule cannot secrete — or reabsorb —, the urine becomes inappropriately — considering the — state
Water absoprtion —, so urine output —
H+ HC03- alkaline acidotic decreases increases
Typical findings of distal tubule dysfunction: low levels of --- in plamsa high levels of --- in plasma metabolic --- in the plasma innapropritely high or low pH in urine
HCO3
Cl-
Acidosis
High
Tests of tubular function:
Water — test: assesses renal — ability
Tests of — acidification: assesses renal tubular —
deprivation
concentrating
tubular
acidosis
3 causes of proteinuria:
Glomerulonephritis
nephrotic syndrome
primary tubular disease
what to do if urine tests positive for protein:
confirm with independent — tests
— causes should be assessed and ecluded:
— tests should ensue
lab
extrarenal
clearence
3 types of renal disease:
reduced — filtration rate with normal — function
disturbed glomerular —
reduced — function with normal —
glomerular tubular integrity tubular GFR
acute renal failure is — but potentially —
chronic renal failure occurs over many — and is —
sudden
reversible
years
irreversible
renal tubule acidosis:
This is — acidosis which occurs due to renal — dysfunction, in the absence of — glomerular —
metabolic
tubule
significant
dysfunction
What is Nephrolithiasis?
Renal stone diseases
4 ways to manage acute renal failure:
steroid treatment
restrict intake of Na2+ and water
decreade protein in diet
avoid nephrotoxic drugs
Nephritis:
This is the — of the kidney
Aetiology (3)
Pathogenesis: (3)
inflammation Infections toxins immune tubulointerstitial disease glomerular disease vascular disease
glomerulonephritis is – of the glomeruli
interstitial nephritis or tubular interstitial nephritis is inflammation of the…
vascular nephritis is inflammation or — of the —/—
pyelonephritis is an infection related to the…
Lupus nephritis is caused by — lupus —
inflammation spaces between renal tubules disruption blood vessels urinary tract systemic erythemutosus
Glomerulonephritis:
Cause is — mediated
mechanism is the — of material with the — barrier disrupting the filtration system.
source of immune complex not often known but is associated with — or hepatitis B or c
immune
deposition
filtration
malignancy
Types of glomerulonephritis:
Podocytopathies: Minimal change disease (injury to —)
focal segmental glomerulosclerosis (— of podocyte + death), this leads to a decrease in —
Membranous glomerulonephritis which is the thickening of the…
podocytes
detachment
number of podocytes
glomerular basement basement
Diabetic glomerular disease:
Inflammation of the glomerulus
Membrane is increased in —
The damage causes — to leak into the —
thickness
proteins
blood
Acute tubular nephritis: cause is usually induced by --- or --- Mechanism: cellular --- inhibit --- function or produce intracellular ---/--- Source: (2) Hallmarks: (3)
toxin drug toxins mitochondrial free radicals aminoglycosides anti-virals high creatinine microscopic haematuria trace proteinuria
Type 1 Renal tubule acidosis:
Inability to lower — of urine
metabolic —
wasting of renal —
hypercalciuria- bone dissolution and increased excretion of renal —
treatment is the administration of —to buffer normal production of —
pH acidosis potassium calcium bicarbonate H+
Fanconi syndrome (renal tubule acidosis type 2)
characterised by (4)
All the solutes usually reabsorbed in the — appear in the urine
affected infant will develop —, and —
glycosuria amino aciduria phosphaturia acidosis proximal convoluted tubule rickets dehydration
Renal glycosuria characterised by defect in the — transport of —
proximal convoluted tubule
glucose
Aminoacidurias is a defect in the — mechanisms of —
transport
amino acids
Bartters syndrome is a defect in reabsoprtion of — and —
high levels of renin and — in the blood
clinical symptoms include low —, craving of —, weakness and muscle —
sodium chloride aldosterone BP salt cramps
Acute interstitial nephritits: usually --- or --- induced Mechanism: drugs act as --- and create --- after binding to the tubular --- Sources include (2) Symptoms include (3)
drug toxin haptens antigenicity basement antibiotics non-steroidal anti-inflammmatory drugs Rash Eosinophilia HIgh creatinine
Vascular disease:
Inflammation of the (3)
Renal artery stenosis causes (2)
vessel wall capillaries glomeruli BP increase decreased renal function
Lupus Erythematosus: Cause is unkown This disease is a chronic --- disease Attacks joints, blood vessels and --- Symptoms: (3)
inflammatory organs fever red rash muscle pain
