Nephritis

Question 1

Acidosis is associated with increased concentration of — in the plasma, this is called —, Alkalosis is the opposite and is called —

Answer 1

potassium
Hyperkalaemia
Hypokalaemia

Question 2

Proximal tube dysfunction:
Here, the tubule cannot secrete — or reabsorb —, the urine becomes inappropriately — considering the — state
Water absoprtion —, so urine output —

Answer 2

H+
HC03-
alkaline
acidotic
decreases
increases

Question 3

Typical findings of distal tubule dysfunction:
low levels of --- in plamsa
high levels of --- in plasma
metabolic --- in the plasma
innapropritely high or low pH in urine

Answer 3

HCO3
Cl-
Acidosis
High

Question 4

Tests of tubular function:
Water — test: assesses renal — ability
Tests of — acidification: assesses renal tubular —

Answer 4

deprivation
concentrating
tubular
acidosis

Question 5

3 causes of proteinuria:

Answer 5

Glomerulonephritis
nephrotic syndrome
primary tubular disease

Question 6

what to do if urine tests positive for protein:
confirm with independent — tests
— causes should be assessed and ecluded:
— tests should ensue

Answer 6

lab
extrarenal
clearence

Question 7

3 types of renal disease:
reduced — filtration rate with normal — function
disturbed glomerular —
reduced — function with normal —

Answer 7

glomerular
tubular
integrity
tubular
GFR

Question 8

acute renal failure is — but potentially —

chronic renal failure occurs over many — and is —

Answer 8

sudden
reversible
years
irreversible

Question 9

renal tubule acidosis:

This is — acidosis which occurs due to renal — dysfunction, in the absence of — glomerular —

Answer 9

metabolic
tubule
significant
dysfunction

Question 10

What is Nephrolithiasis?

Answer 10

Renal stone diseases

Question 11

4 ways to manage acute renal failure:

Answer 11

steroid treatment
restrict intake of Na2+ and water
decreade protein in diet
avoid nephrotoxic drugs

Question 12

Nephritis:
This is the — of the kidney
Aetiology (3)
Pathogenesis: (3)

Answer 12

inflammation
Infections
toxins
immune
tubulointerstitial disease
glomerular disease
vascular disease

Question 13

glomerulonephritis is – of the glomeruli
interstitial nephritis or tubular interstitial nephritis is inflammation of the…
vascular nephritis is inflammation or — of the —/—
pyelonephritis is an infection related to the…
Lupus nephritis is caused by — lupus —

Answer 13

inflammation
spaces between renal tubules
disruption
blood vessels
urinary tract
systemic erythemutosus

Question 14

Glomerulonephritis:
Cause is — mediated
mechanism is the — of material with the — barrier disrupting the filtration system.
source of immune complex not often known but is associated with — or hepatitis B or c

Answer 14

immune
deposition
filtration
malignancy

Question 15

Types of glomerulonephritis:
Podocytopathies: Minimal change disease (injury to —)
focal segmental glomerulosclerosis (— of podocyte + death), this leads to a decrease in —
Membranous glomerulonephritis which is the thickening of the…

Answer 15

podocytes
detachment
number of podocytes
glomerular basement basement

Question 16

Diabetic glomerular disease:
Inflammation of the glomerulus
Membrane is increased in —
The damage causes — to leak into the —

Answer 16

thickness
proteins
blood

Question 17

Acute tubular nephritis:
cause is usually induced by --- or ---
Mechanism: cellular --- inhibit --- function or produce intracellular ---/---
Source: (2)
Hallmarks: (3)

Answer 17

toxin
drug
toxins
mitochondrial
free radicals 
aminoglycosides
anti-virals
high creatinine 
microscopic haematuria
trace proteinuria

Question 18

Type 1 Renal tubule acidosis:
Inability to lower — of urine
metabolic —
wasting of renal —
hypercalciuria- bone dissolution and increased excretion of renal —
treatment is the administration of —to buffer normal production of —

Answer 18

pH
acidosis
potassium 
calcium
bicarbonate
H+

Question 19

Fanconi syndrome (renal tubule acidosis type 2)
characterised by (4)
All the solutes usually reabsorbed in the — appear in the urine
affected infant will develop —, and —

Answer 19

glycosuria
amino aciduria
phosphaturia
acidosis
proximal convoluted tubule
rickets
dehydration

Question 20

Renal glycosuria characterised by defect in the — transport of —

Answer 20

proximal convoluted tubule

glucose

Question 21

Aminoacidurias is a defect in the — mechanisms of —

Answer 21

transport

amino acids

Question 22

Bartters syndrome is a defect in reabsoprtion of — and —
high levels of renin and — in the blood
clinical symptoms include low —, craving of —, weakness and muscle —

Answer 22

sodium
chloride
aldosterone
BP
salt
cramps

Question 23

Acute interstitial nephritits:
usually --- or --- induced
Mechanism: drugs act as --- and create --- after binding to the tubular ---
Sources include (2)
Symptoms include (3)

Answer 23

drug 
toxin
haptens
antigenicity
basement
antibiotics
non-steroidal anti-inflammmatory drugs
Rash
Eosinophilia
HIgh creatinine

Question 24

Vascular disease:
Inflammation of the (3)
Renal artery stenosis causes (2)

Answer 24

vessel wall
capillaries
glomeruli
BP increase
decreased renal function

Question 25

Lupus Erythematosus:
Cause is unkown
This disease is a chronic --- disease
Attacks joints, blood vessels and ---
Symptoms: (3)

Answer 25

inflammatory
organs
fever
red rash
muscle pain