Renal Biochemistry

Question 1

4 Functions of the kidneys:

Answer 1

Excretion of products of protein and nucleic acid synthesis
reabsorption of essential metabolites
Maintenance of extracellular fluid
Hormone synthesis

Question 2

Function Of The Nephron:
Nephrons are responsible for the composition of the excreted —
Different processes used to absorb/remove —
Passive processes include (2)
and active —
Secretion enables removal of substances which are too — or — charges substances,

Answer 2

Urine
solutes
diffusion
facilitated diffusion
transport

Question 3

Proximal convoluted tubule:
H20 reabsoption is — but can also be controlled by the hormone —
— are not reabsorbed here
approx –% of solutes are reabsorbed here

Answer 3

passive
ADH
Electrolytes
65

Question 4

In descending limb of loop of henle, epithelium is highly permeable to — but not to — or —
Ascending limb is highly permeable to – and – but not to –

Answer 4

H20
Na
Cl
Na 
Cl
H20

Question 5

Cells of distal convoluted tubule actively reabsorbs —, particularly — and —. Control on Na2+ reabsorption is under control of —

Answer 5

solutes
Na2+
Cl-
aldosterone

Question 6

What percent of filtrated glucose is reabsorbed in PCT?

Answer 6

100

Question 7

C02 and H+ ions are products of aerobic and anaerobic —, these are potentially —
Most C02 is exhaled but some of it is converted to — which is a key —

Answer 7

metabolism
toxic
HC03-
buffer

Question 8

Rate of respiration controls exhalation of —
controlled by —- in the — respiratory centre
Chemoreceptors respond to — and — levels in the blood
Any cause of metabolic acidosis will increase rate of —
removing — from the system

Answer 8

C02
chemoreceptors
medulla
C02 
H+
respiration
C02

Question 9

Acidosis vs Alkalosis:
Almost all HC03- is reabsorbed by the —
Respiratory acidosis may lead to what?
Metabolic acidosis may lead to what?

Answer 9

Kidneys
compensatory metabolic alkalosis
compensatory respiratory alkalosis

Question 10

Define acidosis:

Answer 10

Process that increases [H], by increasing PC02 or reducing [HC03-]

Question 11

Define Alkalosis

Answer 11

Process that decreases [H], by decreasing PC02 or increasing [HC03-]

Question 12

Since PC02 is regulated by —, abnormalities that primarily alter the PC02 are called —/— and —/—

Answer 12

respiration
respiratory acidosis (high PC02)
respiratory alkalosis (low PC02)

Question 13

3 causes of respiratory acidosis:

Answer 13

respiratory centre suppression
obstruction
Disease of the lungs

Question 14

Causes of metabolic acidosis (3)

Answer 14

Chronic kidney disease
ketoacidosis
lactic acidosis

Question 15

Causes of respiratory alkalosis (3)

Answer 15

Hyperventilation
increased cerebral respiratory drive
exogenous drive of respiratory centre

Question 16

Urea:
Synthesised in the —
by-product of the — of amino acids
Urea is increased by high intake of —

Answer 16

liver
deamination
proteins

Question 17

Creatinine is a waste product of muscle —
It is readily filtered at the — and does not undergo signifcant tubular —, therefore it can be used as an ndication of —/—
Levels are normally —,it increases in proportion to damage of the —

Answer 17

metabolism
glomerulus
reabsoption
renal filtration
low
nephron