Renal Disease and Its Investigation

Question 1

The Urinary system consists of (4)

Answer 1

Bladder
Urethra
Kidneys
Excretory duct system

Question 2

Upper urinary tract consists of:

Lower urinary tract consists of:

Answer 2

Kidneys

Ureters, Urethra, Bladder

Question 3

Kidney functions (4)

Answer 3

Excretion of nitrogenous waste products
Reabsorption of important molecules 
Maintenance of water, electrolyte and pH balance
Hormone production (renin, erythroproietin)

Question 4

Functional unit of the kidney is the..

Each kidney contains how many of these

Answer 4

Nephron

1 million

Question 5

Function and major components of nephrons:
Renal Corpuscle
Tubular system
Coleciting duct
Vasculature

Answer 5

Filtration
Reabsoprtion & secretion
Reabsorption of water under ADH control
oxygenates tubules, reuptake of glucose

Question 6

4 main components of glomerulus and function

Answer 6

endothelial cells line capillaries
Glomerular basement membrane performs filtration
podocytes are specialised epithelial cells
mesangium: Supporting cells and matrix

Question 7

Patterns of renal Disease:
Global:
Segmental:
Diffuse:
Focal:

Answer 7

Affects whole of glomerulus uniformly
Affecting one glomerular segment, leaving others unaffected
Affecting all glomeruli in both kidneys
Affecting a portion of glomeruli, leaving others unaffected.

Question 8

Glomerulonephritis

Answer 8

Inflammation of the glomerulus

Question 9

Haematuria

Answer 9

Blood in the urine

Question 10

Hypoabluminaemia

Answer 10

abnormally low levels of albumin in blood

Question 11

Oliguria

Answer 11

Low levels of urine output 300-500ml per day

Question 12

Uraemia

Answer 12

High levels of nitrogenous compounds in urine

Question 13

Nephrotic syndrome

Nephritic syndrome

Answer 13

signs associated with inflammation in kidney

nonspecific disorder where kidneys are damaged

Question 14

Acute renal failure properties (5)

Answer 14

nephrons tend to cease working suddenly
oliguria, anuria, acidosis, uraemia 
caused mainly by glomeruloneprhitis 
often reversible if damaging stimulus removed
necrosis precludes regeneration

Question 15

Chronic renal failure properties: (4)
potential causes (3)

Answer 15

progressive nephron destruction over time
progressive loss of renal function
less metabolic disturbance than with total renal failure
uraemia, polyuria, biochemical changes

vascular disease
diabetes
glomeruloneprhitis

Question 16

chronic renal failure not reversible due to

Answer 16

nephron destruction

Question 17

Nephrotic syndromes:
usually a result in changes of — or —
loss of selective retention of — in the —
Usually leads to —
This loss of — leads to —

Answer 17

glomerulus basement membrane
mesangial cells
proteins
blood
proteinuria
protiens
oedema

Question 18

Nephritic syndrome characterised by —- changes in the cells outside the —-

Answer 18

proliferative

glomerulus

Question 19

Nephrotic syndrome signs (5)

Answer 19

weight gain
foamy urine
fatigue
oedema
loss of appetite

Question 20

4 symptoms of nephrotic syndrome

Answer 20

Proteinuria
Hyperlipidemia
Hypoabluminaemia
Oedema

Question 21

Minimal change disease:
most common in
EM shows loss of
appearence of --- is observed and ----- of podocytes
Permeability of GBM is ---
treatment involves

Answer 21

Young Children
Podocyte feet
microvilli
vacuolation
increases
immunosuppressants

Question 22

Focal Segmental Glomerulosclerosis:

Characterised by —-

Answer 22

scarring of glomerulus

Question 23

Membranous Nephropathy:
Characterised by presence of --- in ---
Deposits are in all segments of all glomeruli so which 2 patterns of renal disease does this fall under?
mainly seen in --- as a main cause of
caused by ---- forming in glomerulus

Answer 23

Immune complex deposits
glomerulus
Global & Diffuse
Adults
nephrotic syndrome
Immune complexes

Question 24

3 pathological stages of membranous nephropathy:

This causes what to happen to GBM

Answer 24

sub-epithelial immune complex deposition in GBM
New basement membrane deposited around immune complexes
when immune complexes clear, it leaves a thickened, lacy basement membrane
GBM becomes abnormally permeable

Question 25

Membranous neprhopathy causes: 3

Answer 25

infection
drug related
tumour associated

Question 26

5 main patterns of response of glomerulus to damage

Answer 26

Endothelial cell proliferation
mesangial cell proliferation
GBM thickening
capillary wall necrosis
crescent formation

Question 27

Diagnosis and clinical management of renal disease often largely through

Answer 27

biochemistry

Question 28

urgent biopsy needed to achieve (3)

Answer 28

diagnose or rule out
ascertain severity of legion
ascdrtain amount of irreversible scarring

Question 29

Taking the biopsy for renal disease involves a true cut — or a spring loaded –/–. local anaesthetic guided by —
biopsy taken under dissecting microscope to ensure presence of — and —-

Answer 29

needle
biopsy gun
ultrasound
glomerulus
renal cortex

Question 30

Structural change in GBM or extensive mesangial deposition comes under

Answer 30

nephrotic syndrome

Question 31

Glmoerular change due to proliferation of endothelial or mesangial cells comes under

Answer 31

Nephritic syndrome