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CLINCIAL MICROSCOPY (Topnotcher QT) > RENAL FUNCTION > Flashcards

RENAL FUNCTION Flashcards

memorization

1
Q

Basic structural & functional unit of the kidney

A

Nephron

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2
Q

there are approximately __ to ____ nephrons per kidney

A

1 to 1.5 million nephrons per kidney

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3
Q

2 types of nephrons

A

Cortical nephrons
Juxtamedullary nephrons

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4
Q

Order of urine formation

A
  1. Glomerulus
  2. Proximal convoluted tubule (PCT)
  3. Loop of Henle (LH)
  4. Distal convoluted tubule (DCT)
  5. ## Collecting ducts (CD)
  6. Calyx
  7. Renal pelvis –> Ureter –> Bladder –> Urethra
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5
Q

The kidneys receive ___% of the total cardiac output

A

25% of the total cardiac output

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6
Q

Total Renal Blood Flow:

A

1,200 mL/minute

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7
Q

Total Renal Plasma Flow:

A

600 - 700 mL/minute

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8
Q

Renal Blood Flow order:

A
  1. Renal artery (blood in)
  2. Afferent arteriole
  3. Glomerulus (sieve)
  4. Efferent arteriole
  5. peritubular capilliaries
  6. vasa recta
  7. Renal vein (blood out)
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9
Q

The working portion of the kidney; resembles a sieve; coil of approximately 8 capillary lobes located within the Bowman’s capsule:

A

Glomerulus

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10
Q

The glomerulus is a non-selective filter of plasma substances with MW of __________

A

<70,000 Da

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11
Q

it repels negatively charged substances even if they are small enough to pass

A

Shield of negativity

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12
Q

First function to be affected in renal disease

A

Tubular reabsorption

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13
Q

Renal threshold for glucose:

A

160-180 mg/dL

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14
Q

substances that are reabsorbed in the PCT via active transport

A

Glucose
Amino acids
Salts

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15
Q

substance/s that are/is reabsorbed in the PCT and DCT via active transport

A

Sodium

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16
Q

substance/s that are/is reabsorbed in the Ascending LH via active transport

A

Chloride

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17
Q

substance/s that are/is reabsorbed in the PCT, descending LH, CD via passive transport

A

Water

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18
Q

substance/s that are/is reabsorbed in the PCT, ascending LH via passive transport

A

Urea

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19
Q

substance/s that are/is reabsorbed in the Ascending LH via passive transport

A

Sodium

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20
Q

3 glomerular filtration barrier:

A
  1. capillary endothelium
  2. trilayer basement membrane
  3. filtration diaphragm
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21
Q

glomerular filtration barrier that has large open pores:

A

Capillary endothelium

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22
Q

glomerular filtration barrier that consist of the lamina rara interna, lamina densa, and lamina raraexterna

A

Trilayer basement membrane

23
Q

glomerular filtration barrier that is found between the podocytes of the bowman’s capsule

A

filtration diaphragm

24
Q

the RAAS system is activated when there is ____ blood pressure

A

low blood pressure

25
Q

the RAAS system ______ the blood pressure

A

increases the blood pressure

26
Q

In cases of Diabetes Insipidus, ADH is:

A

Deficient

27
Q

In cases of Syndrome of inappropriate ADH secretion (SIADH), ADH is:

A

Excess/Increased

28
Q

Body hydration increased
ADH decreased
Urine volume = ?

A

Increased

29
Q

Body hydration decreased
ADH increased
Urine volume =?

A

Decreased

30
Q

Aldosterone regulates ____ reabsorption in the DCT

A

Sodium (Na) reabsorption

31
Q

Major functions of tubular secretion:

A
  1. Regulation of the acid-base balance in the body through secretion of hydrogen ions
  2. Elimination of waste products not filtered by the glomerulus
32
Q

Major site for removal of non-filtered substances

A

PCT

33
Q

Failure to produce acid urine due to the inability to secrete hydrogen ions

A

Renal Tubular Acidosis

34
Q

In RTA, urine pH is _______

A

alkaline

35
Q

to maintain the normal blood pH, what ion is secreted into the urine?

A

Hydrogen ion (H+)

36
Q

In renal tubular acidosis, the blood pH is:

A

Acidic

37
Q

used to evaluate glomerular filtration; measures the rate at which the kidneys are able to remove a filterable substance from the blood

A

Clearance test

38
Q

most common clearance test:

A

Creatinine clearance test

39
Q

Gold standard/reference method clearance test

A

Inulin

40
Q

Creatinine clearance formula:

A

Ccr (mL/min) = UV/P x 1.73m^2/A

41
Q

In the creatinine clearance formula, the ‘U’ represents:

A

U = urine creatinine (mg/dL)

42
Q

In the creatinine clearance formula, the ‘A’ represents:

A

A = Body surface area

43
Q

In the creatinine clearance formula, the ‘P’ represents:

A

Plasma creatinine

44
Q

Reference range or creatinine clearance test:

Male:
Female:

A

Male: 107 - 139 mL/min
Female: 87 - 107 mL/min

45
Q

What are the variables included in the Estimated GFR formula developed by COCKGROFT & GAULT

A

Variables:
1. Age
2. Sex
3. Body weight in kg

46
Q

What are the variables included in the Modification of Diet in Renal Disease (MDRD) system formula?

A

Variables:
1. Ethnicity
2. BUN
3. Serum albumin

47
Q

Used to evaluate tubular reabsorption:

A

Concentration test

48
Q

concentration test where the patient is deprived of fluid for up to 24 hours

A

Fishberg test (obsolete)

49
Q

concentration test where the patient maintains a normal diet and fluid intake, and compares day & night urine in terms of volume & Specific gravity

A

Mosenthal test (obsolete)

50
Q

Influenced by the number & density of particles in a solution

A

Specific gravity

51
Q

Influenced by the number of particles in a solution; more accurate and preferred than S.G. determination

A

Osmolality

52
Q

Most commonly used test and the reference method for tubular secretion & renal blood flow:

A

p-aminohippuric acid (PAH) test

53
Q

test for tubular secretion & renal blood flow; obsolete test; results are hard to interpret

A

Phenolsulfonphthalein (PSP) test

CLINCIAL MICROSCOPY (Topnotcher QT) (6 decks)

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