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CLINCIAL MICROSCOPY (Topnotcher QT) > PHYSICAL EXAMINATION OF URINE > Flashcards

PHYSICAL EXAMINATION OF URINE Flashcards

memorization

1
Q

Normal volume range (24 hours)

A

600 to 2,000 mL (0.6 to 2 L)

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2
Q

Average volume range (24 hours)

A

1,200 to 1,600 mL (1.2 to 1.6 L)

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3
Q

Night urine output

A

<400 mL

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4
Q

Day:Night ratio

A

2-3:1

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5
Q

Container capacity (UA)

A

50 mL

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6
Q

The volume required for routine UA

A

10 - 15 mL (Average: 12 mL)

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7
Q

Increased urine volume

A

Polyuria

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8
Q

Volume considered to be polyuria

A

> 2,000 mL/24 hours (in adults - Henry)
2.5 L/Day (in adults - Strasinger)
2.5 - 3.0 mL/kg/day (in children)

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9
Q

Decreased urine volume

A

Oliguria

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10
Q

Volume considered to be oliguria

A

<500 mL/24 hours (in adults - Henry)
<400 mL/Day (in adults - Strasinger)
<1 mL/kg/hr (in infants)
<0.5 mL/kg/hr (in children)

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11
Q

Complete cessation of urine flow

A

Anuria

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12
Q

Volume considered to be anuria

A

<100 mL/24 hours (Graff)

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13
Q

Excretion of more than 500 mL of urine at night

A

Nocturia

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14
Q

Any increase in urine excretion

A

Diuresis

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15
Q

Difference of polyuria in Diabetes Insipidus and Diabetes mellitus

A

Diabetes insipidus - low specific gravity
Diabetes mellitus - high specific gravity

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16
Q

Roiugh indicator of the degree of hydration; should correlate with urine S.G.

A

Urine color

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17
Q

Best way to examine urine color:

A
  1. Examine the specimen under a good light source
  2. Look down through the container against a white background
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18
Q

Major pigment of urine

A

Urochrome

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19
Q

Derived form melanin metabolism; May deposit in amorphous urates and uric acid crystals; gives the urine a pink color

A

Uroerythrin

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20
Q

Dark yellow/ orange-brown; derived from oxidation of colorless urobilinogen; Present in old specimens

A

Urobilin (Dark yellow/orange-brown

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21
Q

lab correlation of urine color:

Pale yellow

A

Polyuria (DM, DI) dilute random specimen

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22
Q

lab correlation of urine color:

Dark yellow/ Amber

A

Concentrated specimen: strenuous exercise, dehydration, fever, burns
First morning specimen
Excessive urobilin, bilirubin, CAROTENE

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23
Q

lab correlation of urine color:

Orange
Orange-yellow

A

Bilirubin (yellow foam)
Phenazopyridine (Pyridium) - used to treat UTI

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24
Q

“tea-colored urine”

A

Bilirubin (yellow foam)

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25
Q

lab correlation of urine color:

Green

A

Pseudomonas infection
asparagus
B vitamins
PHENOL

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26
Q

lab correlation of urine color:

Blue-green

A

Chlorophyll
Clorets, PHENOL
Indican, Blue-diaper syndrome

27
Q

lab correlation of urine color:

Pink
Red

A

RBCs
Hemoglobin
Myoglobin
porphobilin
RIFAMPIN
FUCHSIN
Beets
Menstrual contamination

28
Q

lab correlation of urine color:

Cloudy/smokey red urine

A

presence of RBCs (hematuria)

29
Q

lab correlation of urine color:

Clear red urine

A

Hemoglobin
Myoglobin

30
Q

lab correlation of urine color:

Portwine

A

Porphyria

31
Q

lab correlation of urine color:

Brown
Black

A

Methemoglobin (acidic urine)
Homogentesic acid (alkaline urine): Alkaptoniuria
Melanin (upon exposure to air)

32
Q

lab correlation of urine color:

Milky white

A

Pyuria/Leukocyturia (increased WBCs)

33
Q

What should the MT do before determining the urine clarity?

A

Thoroughly mix the specimen

34
Q

Best way to determine urine clarity

A

Examine the specimen while holding in front of a light source and mus be viewed through a NEWSPAPER PRINT

35
Q

Few particulates, print easily seen through urine

A

Hazy

36
Q

Many particulates, print blurred through urine

A

Cloudy

37
Q

Print cannot be seen through urine

A

Turbid

38
Q

May precipitate or be clotted

A

Milky

39
Q

Nonpathologic causes of urine:

A
  1. Squamous epithelial cells (increased in females)
  2. Amorphous urates (pink sediment)
  3. Amorphous phosphates & carbonates (white or beige precipitate)
  4. Vaginal cream, semen, fecal contamination, radiographic contrast media, talcum powder
40
Q

Pathologic causes of urine:

A
  1. RBCs, WBCs
  2. Bacteria (uniform turbidity not cleared by acidification or filtration)
  3. Yeasts (increased in DM)
  4. Nonsquamous epithelial cells
  5. Abnormal crystals, Lymph fluid (chyluria), lipids
41
Q

Laboratory correlations in urine turbidity:

Acidic urine

A

Amorphous urates
Radiographic contrast media

42
Q

Laboratory correlations in urine turbidity:

Alkaline urine

A

Amorphous phosphates
Carbonates

43
Q

Laboratory correlations in urine turbidity:

Soluble in heat

A

Amorphous urates
Uric acid Crystals

44
Q

Laboratory correlations in urine turbidity:

Soluble in Dilute Acetic Acid

A

RBCs
Amorphous phosphates
Carbonates

45
Q

Laboratory correlations in urine turbidity:

Insoluble in Dilute Acetic Acid

A

WBCs
Bacteria
Yeast
Spermatozoa

46
Q

Laboratory correlations in urine turbidity:

Soluble in Ether

A

Lipids
Lymphatic fluid
Chyle

47
Q

Normal urine odor

A

Aromatic, faintly, distinct/fragrant

48
Q

Acute tubular necrosis urine odor (acute renal failure)

A

Odorless

49
Q

UTI urine odor

A

Foul, ammoniacal, pungent

50
Q

Fruity, sweet urine odor

A

Ketones( Diabetes Mellitus, starvation, vomiting)

51
Q

Caramelized sugar, curry, maple syrup

A

Maple syrup urine disease (MSUD)

52
Q

Mousy, musty, barny

A

Phenylketonuria (PKU)

53
Q

Rancid butter

A

Tyrosinemia

54
Q

Sweaty feet, acrid

A

Isovaleric acidemia, glutaric acidemia

55
Q

Menthol-like

A

Phenol-containing medications

56
Q

Bleach

A

Specimen adulteration or container contamination

57
Q

Cabbage hops

A

Methionine malabsorption (Oasthouse disease)

58
Q

Sulfur, rotten egg

A

Cystine disorder

59
Q

Rotting fish

A

Trimethylaminuria

60
Q

Pungent, fetid

A

Ingestions of onions, garlic & asparagus (methyl mercaptan), UTI (Brunzel)

61
Q

Swimming pool

A

Hawkinsinuria

62
Q

Cat urine

A

3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaric aciduria

63
Q

Tomcat urine

A

Multiple carboxylase deficiency

CLINCIAL MICROSCOPY (Topnotcher QT) (6 decks)

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