INTRODUCTION TO URINALYSIS

Question 1

Uroscopy; first documented the importanceof sputum examination

Answer 1

Hippocrates

Question 2

Albuminuria by boiling urine

Answer 2

Frederik Dekkers

Question 3

Wrote a book about “pisse prophets” (charlatans)

Answer 3

Thomas Bryant

Question 4

Examination of urine sediment

Answer 4

Thomas Addis

Question 5

Introduced urinalysis as part of doctor’s routine patient examination

Answer 5

Richard Bright

Question 6

Urine composition

Answer 6

95-97% water
3-5% solids

Question 7

major organic component of urine

Answer 7

UREA

Question 8

major inorganic components of urine (in order from highest)

Answer 8

Chloride - major
Sodium - 2nd
Potassium - 3rd

Question 9

Principal salt of urine

Answer 9

NaCl (Sodium chloride)

Question 10

For routine and qualitative urinalysis; ideal for cytology studies

Answer 10

Random/ Occasional urine

Question 11

Ideal specimen for routine urinalysis and pregnancy testing (hCG); most concentrated and most acidic - allows well preservation of cells and casts

Answer 11

First morning urine

Question 12

specimen ideal for evaluation of orthostatic proteinuria

Answer 12

First morning urine

Question 13

second voided urine after a period of fasting; for glucose determination

Answer 13

Second morning/fasting urine

Question 14

for diabetic screening or monitoring; preferred for testing glucose

Answer 14

2-hour post-prandial

Question 15

Optional with blood samples in glucose tolerance test

Answer 15

Glucose tolerance

Question 16

For routine screening and bacterial culture (OPD); patient should thoroughly cleanse his penis or her urethral meatus before collection

Answer 16

Midstream clean-catch

Question 17

May be urethral or ureteral’ for bacterial culture

Answer 17

CatheterizedA

Question 18

Abdominal wall is punctured, and urine is directly aspirated from the bladder; bladder urine for anaerobic bacterial culture and urine cytology; most sterile specimen

Answer 18

Suprapubic aspiration

Question 19

Use of soft, clear plastic bag with adhesive; Sterile specimen obtained by catheterization or suprapubic aspiration

Answer 19

Pediatric specimen

Question 20

Urine collected from diaper is not recommended for testing

true or false

Answer 20

true

Question 21

For prostatic infection

Answer 21

three-glass technique

Question 22

In 3-glass technique, if the number of WBC and bacteria in the 3rd specimen is 10x greater than that of the 1st specimen, it usually indicates:

Answer 22

Prostatitis

Question 23

The second specimen in 3-glass technique is the ______ for bladder & kidney infection

Answer 23

CONTROL

Question 24

If control is (+) for WBCs and bacteria, the results from 3rd specimen are considered _______

Answer 24

Invalid
considered as UTI

Question 25

At start time, the patient empties the bladder and adds it to the container

true or false

Answer 25

false

at start time, the patient empties the bladder into the toilet

Question 26

At end time, patient empties bladder into collection container

true or false

Answer 26

true

Question 27

12 hour timed specimen:n

Answer 27

For ADDIS COUNT

Question 28

4 hour/ First morning urine

Answer 28

For NITRITE determination

Question 29

Afternoon (2-4 PM)

Answer 29

For UROBILINOGEN determination

Question 30

Process providing documentation of proper sample ID from the time of collection to the receipt of laboratory results

Answer 30

Chain of Custody (COC)

Question 31

Required urine volume

Answer 31

30 - 45 mL

Question 32

Container capacity

Answer 32

60 mL

Question 33

Temperature of urine for drug testing

Answer 33

32.5 - 37.7C

Question 34

If temperature is out of range, record temperature and __________.

Answer 34

contact supervisor immediately

Question 35

Added to the toilet water reservoir to prevent specimen adulteration

Answer 35

Blueing agent (dye)

Question 36

when both routine UA and culture are requested, what test should be performed first?

Answer 36

Culture should be performed first

Question 37

Following collection, urine specimen should be delivered to the laboratory promptly and tested within ________;

Ideally within ________.

Answer 37

2 hours (Strasinger, Harr)
30 minutes (Turgeon)

Question 38

Changes in unpreserved urine

Increased parameters:

Answer 38

1. pH
2. Bacteria
3. Odor
4. Nitrite

Question 39

Changes in unpreserved urine:

Decreased parameters:

Answer 39

1. Clarity
2. Glucose
3. Ketones
4. Bilirubin
5. Urobilinogen
6. RBC/WBC/Casts
7. Trichomonas

Question 40

What parameter is least affected in unpreserved urine?

Answer 40

protein

Question 41

Preservative of choice for routine UA & urine culture; prevents bacterial growth for 24 hours

Answer 41

Refrigeration

Question 42

Disadvantage of refrigeration (preservation)

Answer 42

1. Raises SG by hydrometer
2. Precipitates amorphous phosphates and urates

Question 43

Keeps pH about 6.0; Bacteriostatic at 18 g/l; For culture transport, C&S; Interferes with drug & hormone analysis; can also preserve 5-HIAA

Answer 43

Boric acid

Question 44

Disadvantage of boric acid preservative

Answer 44

may precipitate crystals when used in large amounts

Question 45

Excellent sediment preservative:

Answer 45

Formalin (Formaldehyde)

Question 46

Formalin is the preservative of choice for __________.

Answer 46

Addis Count

Question 47

Prevents glycolysis; good preservative for drug analysis

Answer 47

Sodium Flouride

Question 48

an alternative of sodium fluoride for strip testing

Answer 48

Sodium benzoate

Question 49

Preserves cellular elements; used for cytology studies (50 mL urine)

Answer 49

Saccomanno fixative