Renal Disease

Question 1

Deposition of immune complexes, formed in conjunction with group A Streptococcus infection, on the glomerular membrane

Answer 1

Acute Glomerulonephritis

Question 2

Deposition of immune complexes from systemic immune disorders (systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE)) on the glomerular membrane

Answer 2

Rapidly Progressive (Crescentic) Glomerulonephritis

Question 3

Attachment of a cytotoxic autoantibody (antiglomerular basement membrane antibody) formed during viral respiratory infections to glomerular and alveolar basement membranes

Answer 3

Goodpasture Syndrome

Question 4

Antineutrophilic cytoplasmic autoantibody (ANCA) binds to neutrophils in vascular walls resulting to granuloma formation and damage to small vessels in the lungs and glomerulus

Answer 4

Wegener Granulomatosis

Question 5

Occurs primarily in children following viral respiratory infections; a decrease in platelets disrupts vascular integrity

Answer 5

Henoch-Schönlein Purpura

Question 6

Thickening of the glomerular membrane following IgG immune complex deposition associated with systemic disorders

Answer 6

Membranous Glomerulonephritis

Question 7

Increased cellularity in the subendothelial cells of the mesangium (interstitial area of Bowman’s capsule), causing thickening of the capillary walls

Answer 7

Type 1 Membranoproliferative Glomerulonephritis (MPGN)

Question 8

Extremely dense deposits in the glomerular basement membrane

Answer 8

Type 2 Membranoproliferative Glomerulonephritis (MPGN)

Question 9

Marked decrease in renal function resulting from glomerular damage precipitated by other renal disorders

Answer 9

Chronic Glomerulonephritis

Question 10

Deposition of IgA on the glomerular membrane resulting from increased levels of serum IgA

Answer 10

Immunoglobulin A Nephropathy (Berger’s Disease)

Question 11

Most common cause of glomerulonephritis

Answer 11

Immunoglobulin A Nephropathy (Berger’s Disease)

Question 11

Disruption of the shield of negativity and damage to the tightly fitting podocyte barrier resulting in massive loss of high-molecular-weight proteins and lipids and negatively charged albumin into the urine

Answer 11

Nephrotic Syndrome

Question 12

Damage to the podocytes and the shield of negativity, allowing for increased protein filtration

Allergic reactions, recent immunization, and possession of the human leukocyte antigen-B12 (HLA-B12) antigen have been associated with this disease

Answer 12

Minimal Change Disease

Question 13

Disruption of podocytes in certain areas of glomeruli (other areas remain normal) associated with heroin and analgesic abuse and AIDS

Answer 13

Focal Segmental Glomerulosclerosis (FSGS)

Question 14

Inherited disorder of collagen production resulting to lamellated and thinning glomerular basement membrane

Answer 14

Alport Syndrome

Question 15

Most common cause of ESRD

Answer 15

Diabetic Nephropathy (Kimmelstiel-Wilson Disease)

Question 16

Deposition of glycosylated proteins on the glomerular basement membranes caused by poorly controlled blood glucose levels

Answer 16

Diabetic Nephropathy (Kimmelstiel-Wilson Disease)

Question 17

The vascular structure of the glomerulus also develops sclerosis

Answer 17

Diabetic Nephropathy (Kimmelstiel-Wilson Disease)

Question 18

Damage to renal tubular cells caused by ischemia (shock, anaphylaxis) or nephrotoxic agents

Answer 18

Acute Tubular Necrosis (ATN)

Question 19

Primary disorder associated with damage to the renal tubule

Answer 19

Acute Tubular Necrosis (ATN)

Question 20

Inherited in association with cystinosis and Hartnup disease or acquired through exposure to toxic agents

Answer 20

Fanconi Syndrome

Question 21

Most frequently associated with tubular dysfunction

Answer 21

Fanconi Syndrome

Question 21

Inherited defect in the production of normal uromodulin by the renal tubules

Answer 21

Uromodulin-Associated Kidney Disease

Question 21

Only protein produced by kidney; primary protein found in normal urine

Answer 21

Uromodulin

Question 22

Defective action of ADH either by the inability of the renal tubules to respond to ADH

Answer 22

Nephrogenic Diabetes Insipidus

Question 23

Inherited disorder that affects only the reabsorption of glucose from glomerular filtrate

Answer 23

Renal Glucosuria

Question 24

Ascending bacterial infection of the bladder

Answer 24

Cystitis (Lower UTI)

Question 25

Infection of the renal tubules and interstitium related to interference of urine flow to the bladder, reflux of urine from the bladder (vesicoureteral reflux), and untreated cystitis

Answer 25

Acute Pyelonephritis (Upper UTI)

Question 26

Occurs as a result of ascending movement of bacteria from a lower UTI into the renal tubules and interstitium

Answer 26

Acute Pyelonephritis (Upper UTI)

Question 27

Structural abnormalities may cause reflux between the bladder and ureters or within the renal pelvis, affecting emptying of the collecting ducts and urine flow

Answer 27

Chronic Pyelonephritis

Question 28

Serious disorder that can result in permanent damage to the renal tubules and possible progression to chronic renal failure

Answer 28

Chronic Pyelonephritis

Question 29

Allergic inflammation of the renal interstitium in response to certain medications

Answer 29

Acute Interstitial Nephritis (AIN)

Question 30

Characterized clinically by a sudden decrease in the GFR, oliguria, edema, and azotemia

Answer 30

Acute renal failure (ARF)

Question 31

Acute renal failure (ARF) is irreversible. True or False?

Answer 31

False; reversible

Question 32

The most common cause of ARF

Answer 32

Ischemic acute tubular necrosis

Question 33

Primary causes of ARF

Answer 33

Sudden decrease in blood flow to the kidney (prerenal), acute glomerular and tubular disease (renal), and renal calculi or tumor obstructions (postrenal)

Question 34

Progressive loss of renal function caused by an irreversible and intrinsic renal disease

Answer 34

Chronic renal failure (CRF)

Question 35

Origin of renal calculi (kidney stones)

Answer 35

Calyces and pelvis of the kidney, ureters, and bladder

Question 36

Large calculi is easily passed in urine. True or False?

Answer 36

False; cannot be passed in urine

Question 37

Conditions favoring the formation of renal calculi

Answer 37

pH Chemical concentration Urinary stasis

Question 38

Renal calculi frequently associated with metabolic calcium and phosphate disorders

Answer 38

Calcium calculi

Question 39

Approximately 75% of the renal calculi are composed of

Answer 39

Calcium oxalate or calcium phosphate

Question 40

Renal calculi frequently accompanied by urinary infections involving urea-splitting bacteria

Answer 40

Magnesium ammonium phosphate calculi

Question 41

Renal calculi associated with increased intake of foods with high purine content and with uromodulin-associated kidney disease

Answer 41

Uric acid calculi

Question 42

Renal calculi seen in conjunction with hereditary disorders of cystine metabolism

Answer 42

Cystine calculi

Question 43

A procedure using high-energy shock waves to break stones located in the upper urinary tract

Answer 43

Lithotripsy

Question 44

A procedure that provides a more comprehensive analysis of renal calculi

Answer 44

X-ray crystallography

Question 45

Primary urinalysis finding in patients with renal calculi

Answer 45

Microscopic hematuria