Renal Disease Flashcards
Deposition of immune complexes, formed in conjunction with group A Streptococcus infection, on the glomerular membrane
Acute Glomerulonephritis
Deposition of immune complexes from systemic immune disorders (systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE)) on the glomerular membrane
Rapidly Progressive (Crescentic) Glomerulonephritis
Attachment of a cytotoxic autoantibody (antiglomerular basement membrane antibody) formed during viral respiratory infections to glomerular and alveolar basement membranes
Goodpasture Syndrome
Antineutrophilic cytoplasmic autoantibody (ANCA) binds to neutrophils in vascular walls resulting to granuloma formation and damage to small vessels in the lungs and glomerulus
Wegener Granulomatosis
Occurs primarily in children following viral respiratory infections; a decrease in platelets disrupts vascular integrity
Henoch-Schönlein Purpura
Thickening of the glomerular membrane following IgG immune complex deposition associated with systemic disorders
Membranous Glomerulonephritis
Increased cellularity in the subendothelial cells of the mesangium (interstitial area of Bowman’s capsule), causing thickening of the capillary walls
Type 1 Membranoproliferative Glomerulonephritis (MPGN)
Extremely dense deposits in the glomerular basement membrane
Type 2 Membranoproliferative Glomerulonephritis (MPGN)
Marked decrease in renal function resulting from glomerular damage precipitated by other renal disorders
Chronic Glomerulonephritis
Deposition of IgA on the glomerular membrane resulting from increased levels of serum IgA
Immunoglobulin A Nephropathy (Berger’s Disease)
Most common cause of glomerulonephritis
Immunoglobulin A Nephropathy (Berger’s Disease)
Disruption of the shield of negativity and damage to the tightly fitting podocyte barrier resulting in massive loss of high-molecular-weight proteins and lipids and negatively charged albumin into the urine
Nephrotic Syndrome
Damage to the podocytes and the shield of negativity, allowing for increased protein filtration
Allergic reactions, recent immunization, and possession of the human leukocyte antigen-B12 (HLA-B12) antigen have been associated with this disease
Minimal Change Disease
Disruption of podocytes in certain areas of glomeruli (other areas remain normal) associated with heroin and analgesic abuse and AIDS
Focal Segmental Glomerulosclerosis (FSGS)
Inherited disorder of collagen production resulting to lamellated and thinning glomerular basement membrane
Alport Syndrome
Most common cause of ESRD
Diabetic Nephropathy (Kimmelstiel-Wilson Disease)
Deposition of glycosylated proteins on the glomerular basement membranes caused by poorly controlled blood glucose levels
Diabetic Nephropathy (Kimmelstiel-Wilson Disease)
The vascular structure of the glomerulus also develops sclerosis
Diabetic Nephropathy (Kimmelstiel-Wilson Disease)
Damage to renal tubular cells caused by ischemia (shock, anaphylaxis) or nephrotoxic agents
Acute Tubular Necrosis (ATN)
Primary disorder associated with damage to the renal tubule
Acute Tubular Necrosis (ATN)
Inherited in association with cystinosis and Hartnup disease or acquired through exposure to toxic agents
Fanconi Syndrome
Most frequently associated with tubular dysfunction
Fanconi Syndrome
Inherited defect in the production of normal uromodulin by the renal tubules
Uromodulin-Associated Kidney Disease
Only protein produced by kidney; primary protein found in normal urine
Uromodulin
Defective action of ADH either by the inability of the renal tubules to respond to ADH
Nephrogenic Diabetes Insipidus
Inherited disorder that affects only the reabsorption of glucose from glomerular filtrate
Renal Glucosuria
Ascending bacterial infection of the bladder
Cystitis (Lower UTI)
Infection of the renal tubules and interstitium related to interference of urine flow to the bladder, reflux of urine from the bladder (vesicoureteral reflux), and untreated cystitis
Acute Pyelonephritis (Upper UTI)
Occurs as a result of ascending movement of bacteria from a lower UTI into the renal tubules and interstitium
Acute Pyelonephritis (Upper UTI)
Structural abnormalities may cause reflux between the bladder and ureters or within the renal pelvis, affecting emptying of the collecting ducts and urine flow
Chronic Pyelonephritis
Serious disorder that can result in permanent damage to the renal tubules and possible progression to chronic renal failure
Chronic Pyelonephritis
Allergic inflammation of the renal interstitium in response to certain medications
Acute Interstitial Nephritis (AIN)
Characterized clinically by a sudden decrease in the GFR, oliguria, edema, and azotemia
Acute renal failure (ARF)
Acute renal failure (ARF) is irreversible. True or False?
False; reversible
The most common cause of ARF
Ischemic acute tubular necrosis
Primary causes of ARF
Sudden decrease in blood flow to the kidney (prerenal), acute glomerular and tubular disease (renal), and renal calculi or tumor obstructions (postrenal)
Progressive loss of renal function caused by an irreversible and intrinsic renal disease
Chronic renal failure (CRF)
Origin of renal calculi (kidney stones)
Calyces and pelvis of the kidney, ureters, and bladder
Large calculi is easily passed in urine. True or False?
False; cannot be passed in urine
Conditions favoring the formation of renal calculi
pH
Chemical concentration
Urinary stasis
Renal calculi frequently associated with metabolic calcium and phosphate disorders
Calcium calculi
Approximately 75% of the renal calculi are composed of
Calcium oxalate or calcium phosphate
Renal calculi frequently accompanied by urinary infections involving urea-splitting bacteria
Magnesium ammonium phosphate calculi
Renal calculi associated with increased intake of foods with high purine content and with uromodulin-associated kidney disease
Uric acid calculi
Renal calculi seen in conjunction with hereditary disorders of cystine metabolism
Cystine calculi
A procedure using high-energy shock waves to break stones located in the upper urinary tract
Lithotripsy
A procedure that provides a more comprehensive analysis of renal calculi
X-ray crystallography
Primary urinalysis finding in patients with renal calculi
Microscopic hematuria
