Physical Examination of Urine

Question 1

The normal urine color includes

Answer 1

pale yellow → yellow → dark yellow

Question 2

Pigment responsible for the yellow color of urine

Answer 2

Urochrome

Question 3

Characteristics of urochrome

Answer 3

Lipid soluble pigment
Major pigment; darkens on exposure to light
Continuously produced but is dependent on the body’s metabolic state

Question 4

Conditions that can cause increased urochrome production

Answer 4

Thyroid conditions
Fasting
Urine stands at room temperature

Question 5

Pink pigment, most evident in specimens that have been refrigerated, resulting in the precipitation of amorphous urates (“brick dust”)

Answer 5

Uroerythrin

Question 6

Orange brown color, an oxidation product of the normal urinary constituent urobilinogen

Answer 6

Urobilin

Question 7

The concentration of a normal urine specimen can be estimated by urine color. True or False?

Answer 7

True

Question 8

The appearance of yellow foam when urine is shaken is caused by

Answer 8

Bilirubin

Question 9

Antibiotic administered for urinary tract infections that causes dark yellow urine

Answer 9

Nitrofurantoin

Question 10

Antibiotic administered for urinary tract infections that causes orange-yellow urine

Answer 10

Phenazopyridine (Pyridium)

Question 11

Cause of colored foam in acidic urine

Answer 11

Bilirubin oxidized to biliverdin

Question 12

Cause of green urine

Answer 12

Pseudomonas infection

Question 13

Cloudy urine with visible RBCs under microscope

Answer 13

Hematuria

Question 14

Clear red urine due to intravascular hemolysis

Answer 14

Hemoglobinuria

Question 15

Clear red urine due to muscle damage

Answer 15

Myoglobinuria

Question 16

Cloudy specimen with RBCs, mucus, and clots is due to

Answer 16

Menstrual contamination

Question 17

Urine color of patient with Alkaptonuria

Answer 17

Brown

Question 18

Urine color of patient taking antihypertensive drugs

Answer 18

Black

Question 19

Cause of purple-staining in catheter bags

Answer 19

Bacterial infection caused by Klebsiella or Providencia species

Question 20

General term that refers to the “Transparency or Turbidity”

Answer 20

Clarity

Question 21

Normal urine clarity

Answer 21

Clear

Question 22

Faint cloud in urine after standing due to WBCs, epithelial cells and mucus

Answer 22

Nubecula/Nabeculae

Question 23

How to visually examine urine clarity

Answer 23

Hold the specimen in front of a light source. View through a newspaper print

Question 24

No visible particulates, transparent

Answer 24

Clear

Question 25

Few particulates, print easily seen through urine

Answer 25

Hazy

Question 26

Many particulates, print blurred through urine

Answer 26

Cloudy

Question 27

Print cannot be seen through urine

Answer 27

Turbid

Question 28

May precipitate or be clotted

Answer 28

Milky

Question 29

Indication of clear urine clarity

Answer 29

All solutes present are soluble

Question 30

Cause of hazy urine

Answer 30

RBC & WBC

Question 31

Cause of cloudy urine

Answer 31

Crystals, Microbes, Fat, epithelial cells

Question 32

Cause of turbid urine

Answer 32

Mucus, mucin, pus, radiographic dye, semen, contaminants

Question 33

Cause of milky urine

Answer 33

Fats or lymph (lipiduria and chyluria)

Question 34

Odor of freshly voided urine

Answer 34

Faint aromatic odor

Question 35

Odor of old urine

Answer 35

Ammonia odor

Question 36

Responsible for the characteristic ammonia odor

Answer 36

Breakdown of urea

Question 37

Normal urine odor

Answer 37

Aromatic

Question 38

Cause of maple syrup odor

Answer 38

MSUD

Question 39

Cause of mousy odor

Answer 39

Phenylketonuria

Question 40

Cause of rancid odor

Answer 40

Tyrosinemia

Question 41

Cause of sweaty feet odor

Answer 41

Isovaleric acidemia

Question 42

Indication of odorless urine

Answer 42

Acute tubular necrosis

Question 43

Cause of rotting fish odor

Answer 43

Trimethylaminuria

Question 44

Cause of swimming pool odor

Answer 44

Hawkinsinuria

Question 45

Cause of sulfur odor

Answer 45

Cystinuria

Question 46

Density of a solution compared with the density of a similar volume of distilled water at a similar temperature

Answer 46

Specific gravity

Question 47

S.G. is influenced by

Answer 47

Number and size of particles

Question 48

The specific gravity of the plasma filtrate entering the glomerulus

Answer 48

1.010

Question 49

Isosthenuric S.G.

Answer 49

1.010

Question 50

Hyposthenuric S.G.

Answer 50

<1.010

Question 51

Hypersthenuric S.G.

Answer 51

>1.010

Question 52

S.G. of normal random specimen

Answer 52

1.002-1.035

Question 53

Indication of S.G. <1.002

Answer 53

Not urine

Question 54

S.G. of most random specimens fall between

Answer 54

1.015-1.030

Question 55

S.G. >1.040 is seen in

Answer 55

Patients who have recently undergone an intravenous pyelogram (Radiographic contrast dye /X-ray film, Dextran, and other Plasma expanders)

Question 56

It determines the concentration of dissolved particles in a specimen by measuring refractive index

Answer 56

Refractometer

Question 57

Comparison of the velocity of light in air and in a solution (urine)

Answer 57

Refractive index

Question 58

Temperature corrections are necessary when using refractometer. True or False?

Answer 58

Not necessary

Question 59

Corrections for glucose and protein

Answer 59

Subtract 0.004 /gram of glucose Subtract 0.003 /gram of protein

Question 60

S.G. of distilled water

Answer 60

1.000

Question 61

When refractometer is calibrated using 5% NaCl, S.G. should read

Answer 61

1.022 ± 0.001

Question 62

When refractometer is calibrated using 9% sucrose, S.G. should read

Answer 62

1.034 ± 0.001

Question 63

Based on the principle that the frequency of a sound wave entering a solution change in proportion to the density of the solution

Answer 63

Harmonic Oscillation Densitometry

Question 64

Principle of testing urine S.G.

Answer 64

Change in the pKa (dissociation constant) of a polyelectrolyte in an alkaline medium

Question 65

S.G. reading is not affected by radiographic contrast dye, protein, and glucose when using reagent strip. True or False?

Answer 65

True

Question 66

Consists of a weighted float attach to a scale that has been calibrated in terms of urine specific gravity

Answer 66

Hydrometer

Question 67

The calibrated temperature of hydrometer

Answer 67

20 C

Question 68

Correction for S.G. when using Hydrometer

Answer 68

Add 0.001 for every 3C above the calibration temp. Subtract 0.001 for every 3C below the calibration temp. Subtract 0.004 for every 1 gram of glucose Subtract 0.003 for every 1 gram of protein

Question 69

When hydrometer is calibrated using potassium sulfate, S.G. should read

Answer 69

1.015