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CLINICAL MICROSCOPY > Physical Examination of Urine > Flashcards

Physical Examination of Urine Flashcards

1
Q

The normal urine color includes

A

pale yellow → yellow → dark yellow

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2
Q

Pigment responsible for the yellow color of urine

A

Urochrome

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3
Q

Characteristics of urochrome

A

Lipid soluble pigment
Major pigment; darkens on exposure to light
Continuously produced but is dependent on the body’s metabolic state

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4
Q

Conditions that can cause increased urochrome production

A

Thyroid conditions
Fasting
Urine stands at room temperature

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5
Q

Pink pigment, most evident in specimens that have been refrigerated, resulting in the precipitation of amorphous urates (“brick dust”)

A

Uroerythrin

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6
Q

Orange brown color, an oxidation product of the normal urinary constituent urobilinogen

A

Urobilin

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7
Q

The concentration of a normal urine specimen can be estimated by urine color. True or False?

A

True

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8
Q

The appearance of yellow foam when urine is shaken is caused by

A

Bilirubin

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9
Q

Antibiotic administered for urinary tract infections that causes dark yellow urine

A

Nitrofurantoin

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10
Q

Antibiotic administered for urinary tract infections that causes orange-yellow urine

A

Phenazopyridine (Pyridium)

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11
Q

Cause of colored foam in acidic urine

A

Bilirubin oxidized to biliverdin

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12
Q

Cause of green urine

A

Pseudomonas infection

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13
Q

Cloudy urine with visible RBCs under microscope

A

Hematuria

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14
Q

Clear red urine due to intravascular hemolysis

A

Hemoglobinuria

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15
Q

Clear red urine due to muscle damage

A

Myoglobinuria

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16
Q

Cloudy specimen with RBCs, mucus, and clots is due to

A

Menstrual contamination

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17
Q

Urine color of patient with Alkaptonuria

A

Brown

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18
Q

Urine color of patient taking antihypertensive drugs

A

Black

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19
Q

Cause of purple-staining in catheter bags

A

Bacterial infection caused by Klebsiella or Providencia species

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20
Q

General term that refers to the “Transparency or Turbidity”

A

Clarity

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21
Q

Normal urine clarity

A

Clear

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22
Q

Faint cloud in urine after standing due to WBCs, epithelial cells and mucus

A

Nubecula/Nabeculae

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23
Q

How to visually examine urine clarity

A

Hold the specimen in front of a light source. View through a newspaper print

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24
Q

No visible particulates, transparent

A

Clear

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25
Q

Few particulates, print easily seen through urine

A

Hazy

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26
Q

Many particulates, print blurred through urine

A

Cloudy

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27
Q

Print cannot be seen through urine

A

Turbid

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28
Q

May precipitate or be clotted

A

Milky

29
Q

Indication of clear urine clarity

A

All solutes present are soluble

30
Q

Cause of hazy urine

A

RBC & WBC

31
Q

Cause of cloudy urine

A

Crystals, Microbes, Fat, epithelial cells

32
Q

Cause of turbid urine

A

Mucus, mucin, pus, radiographic dye, semen, contaminants

33
Q

Cause of milky urine

A

Fats or lymph (lipiduria and chyluria)

34
Q

Odor of freshly voided urine

A

Faint aromatic odor

35
Q

Odor of old urine

A

Ammonia odor

36
Q

Responsible for the characteristic ammonia odor

A

Breakdown of urea

37
Q

Normal urine odor

A

Aromatic

38
Q

Cause of maple syrup odor

A

MSUD

39
Q

Cause of mousy odor

A

Phenylketonuria

40
Q

Cause of rancid odor

A

Tyrosinemia

41
Q

Cause of sweaty feet odor

A

Isovaleric acidemia

42
Q

Indication of odorless urine

A

Acute tubular necrosis

43
Q

Cause of rotting fish odor

A

Trimethylaminuria

44
Q

Cause of swimming pool odor

A

Hawkinsinuria

45
Q

Cause of sulfur odor

A

Cystinuria

46
Q

Density of a solution compared with the density of a similar volume of distilled water at a similar temperature

A

Specific gravity

47
Q

S.G. is influenced by

A

Number and size of particles

48
Q

The specific gravity of the plasma filtrate entering the glomerulus

A

1.010

49
Q

Isosthenuric S.G.

A

1.010

50
Q

Hyposthenuric S.G.

A

<1.010

51
Q

Hypersthenuric S.G.

A

> 1.010

52
Q

S.G. of normal random specimen

A

1.002-1.035

53
Q

Indication of S.G. <1.002

A

Not urine

54
Q

S.G. of most random specimens fall between

A

1.015-1.030

55
Q

S.G. >1.040 is seen in

A

Patients who have recently undergone an intravenous pyelogram (Radiographic contrast dye /X-ray film, Dextran, and other Plasma expanders)

56
Q

It determines the concentration of dissolved particles in a specimen by measuring refractive index

A

Refractometer

57
Q

Comparison of the velocity of light in air and in a solution (urine)

A

Refractive index

58
Q

Temperature corrections are necessary when using refractometer. True or False?

A

Not necessary

59
Q

Corrections for glucose and protein

A

Subtract 0.004 /gram of glucose
Subtract 0.003 /gram of protein

60
Q

S.G. of distilled water

A

1.000

61
Q

When refractometer is calibrated using 5% NaCl, S.G. should read

A

1.022 ± 0.001

62
Q

When refractometer is calibrated using 9% sucrose, S.G. should read

A

1.034 ± 0.001

63
Q

Based on the principle that the frequency of a sound wave entering a solution change in proportion to the density of the solution

A

Harmonic Oscillation Densitometry

64
Q

Principle of testing urine S.G.

A

Change in the pKa (dissociation constant) of a polyelectrolyte in an alkaline medium

65
Q

S.G. reading is not affected by radiographic contrast dye, protein, and glucose when using reagent strip. True or False?

A

True

66
Q

Consists of a weighted float attach to a scale that has been calibrated in terms of urine specific gravity

A

Hydrometer

67
Q

The calibrated temperature of hydrometer

A

20 C

68
Q

Correction for S.G. when using Hydrometer

A

Add 0.001 for every 3C above the calibration temp.
Subtract 0.001 for every 3C below the calibration temp.
Subtract 0.004 for every 1 gram of glucose
Subtract 0.003 for every 1 gram of protein

69
Q

When hydrometer is calibrated using potassium sulfate, S.G. should read

A

1.015

CLINICAL MICROSCOPY (20 decks)

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