Renal Conditions Flashcards
Who is most likely to suffer from hyrdronephrosis?
Women aged 20-60
Men (due to prostate involvement)
What is the cause for hydronephrosis?
It is described as an acute unilateral obstructive uropathy
- RENAL CALICULI
- MALFORMITY IN URETEROPELVIC JUNCTION
- ENLARGED PROSTATE
- PREGNANCY
- TUMOURS
What are the risk factors involved in hydronephrosis?
NON-MODIFIABLE- Ethnicity (African, Afro-Caribbean, Asian)
MODIFIABLE- smoking, NSAID use
PMH- AKI, pregnancy, prostatic disease
What are the symptoms associated with hydronephrosis?
PAIN- due to distention of the bladder Renal/Ureteral colic Anuria Fever Frequency Asymptomatic
What are the clinical signs of hydronephrosis?
Palpable kidney
Lower extremity oedema
Palpable bladder
What are some of the differential diagnoses for hydronephrosis?
Peripelvic cyst Congenital malignancies Calyceal diverticula High urine outfow Pyelonephritis
What investigations are necessary in suspected hydronephrosis?
Urinalysis
BLOODS: U+Es, eGFR, FBC, LFTs, PSA
IMAGING: CT, USS, DOPPLER
What treatment is used for hydronephrosis?
Antibiotics for infection
Urethral Catheterization
Ureteral stent
Who is most affected by prostate carcinoma?
It is the most common cancer in MEN
Usually affects men over age 50
What is the cause of prostate carcinoma?
Genetic mutations affect the androgen receptors are known to have a role in the development of prostate cancer
What are the risk factors involved in prostate cancer?
Age
Family history
Ethnicity
BRCA 1/2 mutation holders
What are the symptoms of prostate carcinoma indicating local disease?
Raised PSA
Weak stream, hesitancy, sensation of incomplete emptying, urinary frequency, urgency, urge incontinence
UTI
What are the symptoms of prostate carcinoma indicating locally invasive disease?
Haematuria, Dysuria, incontinence Haematospermia Perineal + suprapubic pain Ureteric obstruction, causing loin pain, AKI and CKD symptoms Impotence Rectal symptoms
What are the symptoms of prostate carcinoma indicating metastatic disease?
Bone pain Paraplegia secondary to spinal cord compression Lymph node enlargement Lethargy Weight loss
What are the clinical signs associated with prostate carcinoma?
Palpable bladder due to outflow obstruction
Hard irregular prostate on PR examination
- asymmetry
- palpable seminal vesicles
- lack of mobility (adhesions)