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AUBF LEC > RENAL BLOOD FLOW > Flashcards

RENAL BLOOD FLOW Flashcards

1
Q

Urine comes from the____

It enters the kidney → forms the urine, and leaves via the____

A

blood

ureter

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2
Q

• Arterial supply: renal arteries from the________

The blood enters the kidney and passes through the ______coming from the_____

A

abdominal aorta

renal artery

abdominal aorta

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3
Q

• Venous return: renal veins drain into the______

The blood that will leave the kidney will leave via the_____, which will go into the_____

A

inferior vena cava

renal vein

inferior vena cava

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4
Q

Surround PCT and DCT

A

PERITUBULAR CAPILLARIES

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5
Q

IMMEDIATE reabsorption of essential substances from PCT happens

FINAL adjustment of urinary composition in DCT

A

Peritubular capillaries

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6
Q

Substances that have to be reabsorbed in these tubules (PCT and DCT) are sent to the______

Facilitates reabsorption through PCT and DCT

A

peritubular capillaries

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7
Q

Adjacent to the loop of henle

A

VASA RECTA

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8
Q

• Major exchanges of salt and water between the blood and the medullary interstitium

• Facilitates the reabsorption with the loop of henle

A

Vasa Recta

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9
Q

RENAL BLOOD FLOW
• In a____ person (_____body surface) → the total renal blood flow is_______

A

70kg; 1.73m^2

1,200 mL/min

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10
Q

refers to the total blood composition composed of plasma and blood cells

A

Total renal blood flow

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11
Q

Total renal plasma flow →______

A

600-700mL/min

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12
Q

More than half of the total renal blood flow is the______

A

renal plasma

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13
Q

Glomerular filtration rate →_____
Reabsorbed →______
Excreted urine →______

A

125 mL/min

124 mL/min

1 mL/min

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14
Q

DISTRIBUTION OF BLOOD IN THE KIDNEY

A

Renal artery
Segmental arteries
Interlobar arteries
Arcuate arteries
Cortical radiate arteries
Afferent arterioles
Glomerulus
Efferent arterioles
Peritubular capillaries
Venules
Cortical radiate veins
Arcuate veins
Interlobar artery
Renal vein

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15
Q

DISTRIBUTION OF BLOOD IN THE KIDNEY

Blood enters the kidney through the_____ → will divide to form the____
→ will further subdivide into
_____→ will further branch out to form the _____→ will further subdivide to form the_____

Then, it will give rise to the____, which is the blood vessel that supplies blood to the glomerulus Inside the glomerulus, the blood will undergo filtration,

If there are components of the blood that are not filtered → sent back to the circulation through the _____→ goes to the _____ and ____→ from there, it will merge to form the_____ → will give rise to the_____ → will form the____ → the interlobar vein will send blood to exit the kidney and join the systemic circulation through the_____

A

renal artery

segmental artery

interlobar artery

Arcuate artery

interlobular artery

afferent arteriole

efferent arteriole

peritubular capillaries and the vasa recta

interlobular vein

arcuate vein

interlobar vein

renal vein

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16
Q

• the purpose of ______is to facilitate the reabsorption of substances in their respective parts of the nephron

A

blood vessels

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17
Q

Types of nephron

A

• Cortical (85%)
• Juxtamedullary (15%)

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18
Q

URINE FORMATION

In order for urine to form, it has to undergo three steps:

A

Glomerular filtration
Tubular reabsorption
Tubular secretion

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19
Q

• Contains the renal corpuscle (____ and _____) and
the associated renal tubules

A

glomerulus and Bowman’s capsule

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20
Q

PARTS OF A NEPHRON

A
  1. Renal corpuscle
  2. Proximal tubule
  3. Loop of henle
  4. Distal tubule
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21
Q

Proximal Tubule
• Proximal convoluted tubule or_______
• Proximal straight tubule or
______

A

pars convoluta

pars recta

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22
Q

Distal Tubule (3)

A

• Thick ascending limb
• Distal convoluted tubule
• Connecting segment or the late distal tubule

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23
Q

Excretion =

A

Filtration - Reabsorption + Secretion

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24
Q

– composed of a coil of approximately 8 capillary lobes referred to as_____ enclosed within the _____

A

Glomerulus

capillary tufts

Bowman’s capsule

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25
Q

• Filterability of solutes depend on
their_____ and _____

A

size and charge

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26
Q

•______ – Nonselective filter of plasma substances

A

Glomerulus

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27
Q

• Several factors affect the filtration processes (3)

A

• Structure of the capillary wall
• Hydrostatic and oncotic pressure
• Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System

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28
Q

GLOMERULAR FILTRATION
When blood enters the kidneys through the _______→ undergoes filtration within the______

Substances that are not filtered will be sent to the_______ → systemic circulation

Once the blood is filtered → becomes a_____

This will navigate the renal tubules until it becomes____

A

afferent arteriole

glomerulus

efferent arteriole

filtrate

urine

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29
Q

GLOMERULAR FILTRATION

• Structure of the capillary wall

A

• Fenestrated endothelial cells

• Basement membrane

• Epithelial podocytes

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30
Q

• Fenestrated endothelial cells
•______ holes (______or transcellular ‘windows’) that provide no restrictions to______
• Does not allow passage of______

A

80-100 nm; fenestrae; water and small
solutes

cells and large molecules

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31
Q

• a complex mesh of proteins that restricts intermediate-sized to large solutes (MW >1 kDa)

A

Basement Membrane

32
Q

• Basement Membrane: a complex mesh of proteins that restricts
intermediate-sized to large solutes (MW_____)

A

> 1 kDa

33
Q

Basement membrane

• 3 layers:

A

lamina rara interna
lamina densa
lamina rara externa

34
Q

• Forms the filtration slit/slit diaphragm

A

Epithelial podocytes

35
Q

→ returning essential substances from the filrate back to the circulation

Substances to be reabsorbed goes to the peritubular capillaries until they reach the renal vein

A

Tubular Reabsorption

36
Q

→ returning essential substances from the filrate back to the circulation

Substances to be reabsorbed goes to the peritubular capillaries until they reach the renal vein

A

Tubular Reabsorption

37
Q

Any substance that was not filtered and has to be removed from the body

From the peritubular capillaries → they are sent back to the tubule

A

TUBULAR SECRETION

38
Q

4 DIFFERENT PATHWAYS SUBSTANCES NEED TO BE FILTERED FOLLOW THROUGH

A

• Filtration only
• Filtration andPartial Reabsorption
• Filtration and Complete Reabsorption
• Filtration and Secretion

39
Q

• Substances that are completely
filtered but not reabsorbed nor
secreted
• One substance that follow this path is ____

A

Filtration only

creatinine

40
Q

• Substances that are filtered but undergoes partial reabsorption

______→ only a portion was reabsorbed and the other portion is excreted as part of the urine

Substance that follows this path are_____ and _____

A

FILTRATION AND PARTIAL
REABSORPTION

Partial reabsorption

sodium and chloride ions

41
Q

• Substances that are filtered and
undergoes complete reabsorption

• These substances in normal conditions are not present in the urine since these
substances needs to be completely reabsorbed

Substances that follow this path is____

• In cases of diabetes mellitus →
glucose is detected in the urine

A

FILTRATION AND COMPLETE REABSORPTION

glucose

42
Q

• Substances are filtered but they are no reabsorbed instead they are secreted
• These substances enter the nephron in two ways: Glomerular filtration and tubular secretion
• Substances that follow this path are_____ and _____

A

FILTRATION AND SECRETION

organic acids and bases

43
Q

Filtration only

A

Creatinine

44
Q

FILTRATION AND PARTIAL
REABSORPTION

A

Sodium and chloride

45
Q

FILTRATION AND COMPLETE
REABSORPTION

A

Glucose

46
Q

FILTRATION AND SECRETION

A

Organic acid and bases

47
Q

2 blood vessels connected to the glomerulus

A

Afferent arteriole
Efferent arteriole

48
Q

• facilitates entry of blood towards the glomerulus

A

Afferent arteriole

49
Q

• It is the arteriole
To induce an increase in the blood flow
towards the glomerulus

A

Afferent arteriole

50
Q

facilitates exit of blood from the gomerulus

A

Efferent arteriole

51
Q

_______→ where the blood components stay In the endothelial cells, the spaces are called_____

A

Capillary lumen

fenestrae

52
Q

First line of filtration

A

FENESTRATED ENDOTHELIAL CELLS

53
Q

provide no restrictions to water and small solutes

Does not allow passage of cells and large molecules

A

FENESTRATED ENDOTHELIAL CELLS

54
Q

Second layer of filtration

A

GLOMERULAR BASEMENT MEMBRANE

55
Q

GBM
______
Directly beside the endothelial cells

______
Middle layer of the basement

_______
Layer beside podocytes

A

lamina rara interna

lamina densa

lamina rara externa

56
Q

The podocytes have long foot processes called______

→ are closely linked to each other

A

pedicels

57
Q

SHIELD OF NEGATIVITY
The______ are richly endowed with fixed negative charges that hinder the passage of plasma proteins which are negatively charged

Only _______substances can pass through

Thus, normally,______ are not seen in the urine because they are repelled by the capillary wall

A

fenestrations

small and positively charged

proteins

58
Q

SHIELD OF NEGATIVITY

_________ greatly hinders proteins, partly because of strong negative electrical charges associated with ______

Rich in other proteoglycans such as____ and ____

A

Basement membrane

heparan sulfate proteoglycans

laminin and agrin

59
Q

SHIELD OF NEGATIVITY

Podocytes are covered by______ with negative charges

A

glycoproteins

60
Q

S H I E L D O F N E G A T I V I T Y
• The_______ are richly endowed with fixed negative charges
that hinder the passage of plasma proteins
•_______ greatly hinders filtration of plasma proteins,
partly because of strong negative electrical charges associated with
heparan sulfate proteoglycans
•______ are covered by glycoproteins with negative charge

A

fenestrations

Basement membrane

Podocytes

61
Q

3 pressures

A

Hydrostatic pressure
Oncotic pressure
Capsular pressure

62
Q

Glomerular hydrostatic pressure (____)

Bowman’s capsule colloid osmotic pressure (___)

Bowman’s capsule hydrostatic pressure (___)

Glomerular capillary colloid osmotic pressure (___)

A

60

0

18

32

63
Q

_____forces water and most solutes in blood plasma across the wall of glomerular capillaries

Fluid is filtered and becomes____

A

Blood pressure

glomerular filtrate

64
Q

FORCES IN GLOMERULAR FILTRATION

These pressure are acting inside the renal corpuscle
_________→ are brought about by the presence of proteins in the blood vessel

A

Colloid osmotic pressure

65
Q

FORCES FAVOURING FILTRATION (mm Hg)

A

Glomerular hydrostatic pressure (60)

Bowman’s capsule colloid osmotic pressure (0)

66
Q

FORCES OPPOSING FILTRATION (mm Hg)

A

Bowman’s capsule hydrostatic pressure (18)

Glomerular capillary colloid osmotic pressure (32)

67
Q

Refers to the pressure exerted by the afferent arteriole as it pushes fluid inside the glomerulus

This pressure is much higher than the bowman’s capsule hydrostatic pressure since it carries more fluid

A

Glomerular hydrostatic pressure (60)

68
Q

→ since there are no protein inside the bowman’s capsule since it was already repelled back to the efferent arteriole

A

Bowman’s capsule colloid osmotic pressure (0)

69
Q

Pressure of the fluid inside the bowmann’s capsule that will attempt to oppose the pressure exerted by the glomerular hydrostatic pressure

A

Bowman’s capsule hydrostatic pressure (18)

70
Q

Pressure exerted by the proteins at the glomerular capillary

The proteins that are travelling inside the glomerulus that are waiting for entry will oppose since they are heavy solutes → thus, exerting pressure against the plasma fluid entering the glomerulus

A

Glomerular capillary colloid osmotic pressure (32)

71
Q

Net filtration pressure

Formula and solution

A

• Glomerular hydrostatic pressure – ( Blood colloid osmotic pressure (BCOP) + Capsular hydrostatic pressure (CHP))

• 60 mm Hg – (32 mm Hg + 18 mm Hg)

• 10 mm Hg

72
Q

Renin angiotensin aldosterone system

JUXTAGLOMERULAR APPARATUS
• Consists of:
•________in afferent arteriole sense the blood pressure (secretes renin)
•_______ in the DCT sense the sodium in the filtrate

A

Juxtaglomerular cells

Macula densa

73
Q

JUXTAGLOMERULAR APPARATUS

• Consists of:
• Juxtaglomerular cells in afferent
arteriole sense the_____(secretes renin)
• Macula densa in the DCT sense the____ in the filtrate

A

blood pressure

sodium

74
Q

• As a result of the glomerular mechanisms:
• Approximately______ of water-containing low molecular weight substances are filtered every minute

A

120 mL

75
Q

• The only difference between the urine filtrate and plasma is the absence of_____

A

proteins

76
Q

• Analysis of the fluids as it leaves the glomerulus shows to have specific gravity of_____

A

1.010

AUBF LEC (3 decks)

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