Lesson 1: Trans Version Flashcards

1
Q

Describe the shape and location of the kidney

A

• Paired, bean-shaped structures behind the peritoneum (Located retroperitoneally)
• On each side of the vertebral column
Between the 12th thoracic (T12) and the 3rd lumbar (L3)
• Right kidney is slightly lower

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Weight:
____ in men
____ in women

A

125-170 g

115-155 g

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

____
Slit in the renal capsule

Where the _____ and ____ enter

Where the___,____, and ____ exit

A

Renal hilum

nerves and renal artery

renal vein, the lymphatics, and the ureter

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

supplies the kidney with blood
Entry point of blood into the kidney

A

Renal artery

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Exit point of blood from the kidney to the circulation

A

Renal vein

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Surrounds the kidney

Tough layer of tissues that coats the kidney

A

Renal capsule

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

FUNCTION OF THE KIDNEY (7)

A

• Excretion of metabolic waste products and foreign chemicals
• Regulation of water and electrolyte balance
• Regulation of arterial pressure
• Regulation of acid-base balance
• Regulation of erythropoiesis
• Secretion, metabolism, and excretion of hormones
• Gluconeogenesis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Excretion of metabolic waste products and foreign chemicals

Primary means for eliminating most of the waste products of metabolism that are no longer needed by the body

Examples…

A

bilirubin
Urea
uric acid
drugs
hormones
additives

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

______→ waste product of the metabolism of protein
______→ waste product of the muscle
______→ waste product: purines
______→ waste product of RBC degradation (heme)
______ → After being used, they should be eliminated since they can induce
excessive hormonal attachment and
function

A

Urea

Creatinine

Uric acid

Bilirubin

Hormones

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

• Regulation of water and electrolyte balances/Regulation of body fluid osmolality and electrolyte concentrations

For maintenance of homeostasis, excretion of _____ and _____must match intake precisely

A

water and electrolytes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Regulation of arterial pressure

• Excreting variable amounts of____and _____
• Secreting hormones and vasoactive factors or substances (e.g.,_____)

A

sodium and water

renin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Regulation of acid-base balance

• Kidneys are the only means of eliminating certain types of acids from the body, such as____ and_____
• Since the pH of the blood is slightly alkaline → too much acid is not good

A

sulfuric acid and phosphoric acid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Regulation of erythrocyte production

Secretion of_____ by the _____, which stimulates the production of red blood cells by______ in the bone marrow

A

erythropoietin by the peritubular cells

hematopoietic stem cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

______→ not enough oxygen → triggers erythropoietin

A

Hypoxia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Secretion, metabolism, and excretion of hormones

Kidneys produce______, the active form of vitamin D

_____→ increases calcium absorption from the food within the intestine

A

1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol
(calcitriol)

Calcitriol

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

synthesis of new glucose from noncarbohydrate sources

Kidneys synthesize glucose from amino acids and other precursors (proteins and fats) during prolonged fasting

• Not healthy since fat metabolism produces ketones, which are acids

A

Gluconeogenesis

17
Q

REGIONS OF THE KIDNEY (2)

Divided into______ per kidney

• Inside the renal pyramids → where the_____ are found

A

Renal cortex → Outer layer
Renal medulla → Inner layer

8-10 renal pyramids

nephrons

18
Q

Each kidney has _______nephrons

If divided by 10 equally → Each renal pyramid has______ nephrons

A

900,000- 1,000,000

100,000

19
Q

The______ of each pyramid is at the border between the cortex and medulla

The_____ extends towards the renal pelvis, forming a_____

A

base

apex

papilla

20
Q

Many anatomy books do not consider the it as part of the nephron since the collecting duct can be shared by 2 or more nephrons

A

COLLECTING DUCT

21
Q

The endpoint of the nephron is to produce urine

After the urine passes through the distal convoluted tubule → it passes through the collecting duct

The terminal end of the collecting duct is the _____

A

PAPILLA

22
Q

The nephron contains the

A

glomerulus, PCT, Loop of henle, and DCT

23
Q

In each renal pyramid, there are holes in the papilla and each hole represents one collecting duct → the hole within the papilla is called the ________

On the tip of each papilla is the _____, where the distal ends of collecting ducts (______) open into the renal pelvis

A

AREA CRIBROSA

ducts of Bellini

24
Q

The outer border of the pelvis is divided into open-ended pouches called_____

A

major calyces

25
Q

GENERAL PATHWAY OF URINE

A

Nephron → collecting duct → Papilla → Minor calyx → major calyx → ureter → urinary bladder → urethra