Lesson 1: Trans Version Flashcards
Describe the shape and location of the kidney
• Paired, bean-shaped structures behind the peritoneum (Located retroperitoneally)
• On each side of the vertebral column
Between the 12th thoracic (T12) and the 3rd lumbar (L3)
• Right kidney is slightly lower
Weight:
____ in men
____ in women
125-170 g
115-155 g
____
Slit in the renal capsule
Where the _____ and ____ enter
Where the___,____, and ____ exit
Renal hilum
nerves and renal artery
renal vein, the lymphatics, and the ureter
supplies the kidney with blood
Entry point of blood into the kidney
Renal artery
Exit point of blood from the kidney to the circulation
Renal vein
Surrounds the kidney
Tough layer of tissues that coats the kidney
Renal capsule
FUNCTION OF THE KIDNEY (7)
• Excretion of metabolic waste products and foreign chemicals
• Regulation of water and electrolyte balance
• Regulation of arterial pressure
• Regulation of acid-base balance
• Regulation of erythropoiesis
• Secretion, metabolism, and excretion of hormones
• Gluconeogenesis
Excretion of metabolic waste products and foreign chemicals
Primary means for eliminating most of the waste products of metabolism that are no longer needed by the body
Examples…
bilirubin
Urea
uric acid
drugs
hormones
additives
______→ waste product of the metabolism of protein
______→ waste product of the muscle
______→ waste product: purines
______→ waste product of RBC degradation (heme)
______ → After being used, they should be eliminated since they can induce
excessive hormonal attachment and
function
Urea
Creatinine
Uric acid
Bilirubin
Hormones
• Regulation of water and electrolyte balances/Regulation of body fluid osmolality and electrolyte concentrations
For maintenance of homeostasis, excretion of _____ and _____must match intake precisely
water and electrolytes
• Regulation of arterial pressure
• Excreting variable amounts of____and _____
• Secreting hormones and vasoactive factors or substances (e.g.,_____)
sodium and water
renin
Regulation of acid-base balance
• Kidneys are the only means of eliminating certain types of acids from the body, such as____ and_____
• Since the pH of the blood is slightly alkaline → too much acid is not good
sulfuric acid and phosphoric acid
• Regulation of erythrocyte production
Secretion of_____ by the _____, which stimulates the production of red blood cells by______ in the bone marrow
erythropoietin by the peritubular cells
hematopoietic stem cells
______→ not enough oxygen → triggers erythropoietin
Hypoxia
Secretion, metabolism, and excretion of hormones
Kidneys produce______, the active form of vitamin D
_____→ increases calcium absorption from the food within the intestine
1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol
(calcitriol)
Calcitriol
synthesis of new glucose from noncarbohydrate sources
Kidneys synthesize glucose from amino acids and other precursors (proteins and fats) during prolonged fasting
• Not healthy since fat metabolism produces ketones, which are acids
Gluconeogenesis
REGIONS OF THE KIDNEY (2)
Divided into______ per kidney
• Inside the renal pyramids → where the_____ are found
Renal cortex → Outer layer
Renal medulla → Inner layer
8-10 renal pyramids
nephrons
Each kidney has _______nephrons
If divided by 10 equally → Each renal pyramid has______ nephrons
900,000- 1,000,000
100,000
The______ of each pyramid is at the border between the cortex and medulla
The_____ extends towards the renal pelvis, forming a_____
base
apex
papilla
Many anatomy books do not consider the it as part of the nephron since the collecting duct can be shared by 2 or more nephrons
COLLECTING DUCT
The endpoint of the nephron is to produce urine
After the urine passes through the distal convoluted tubule → it passes through the collecting duct
The terminal end of the collecting duct is the _____
PAPILLA
The nephron contains the
glomerulus, PCT, Loop of henle, and DCT
In each renal pyramid, there are holes in the papilla and each hole represents one collecting duct → the hole within the papilla is called the ________
On the tip of each papilla is the _____, where the distal ends of collecting ducts (______) open into the renal pelvis
AREA CRIBROSA
ducts of Bellini
The outer border of the pelvis is divided into open-ended pouches called_____
major calyces
GENERAL PATHWAY OF URINE
Nephron → collecting duct → Papilla → Minor calyx → major calyx → ureter → urinary bladder → urethra
