LESSON 1: RENAL ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY

Question 1

Describe kidneys

Answer 1

• Paired, bean-shaped structures behind the peritoneum
• located between the 12th thoracic (T12) and the 3rd lumbar (L3)
• The right kidney is slightly lower than the left kidney
• heavier in men than in women

Question 2

The kidneys

Weighs______ in men,_______ in women

Answer 2

125-170 g

115-155 g

Question 3

tough, fibrous connective tissue that envelopes the outer surface of the kidney and provides support for the soft tissue inside

Answer 3

Renal capsule

Question 4

: slit in the renal capsule where the nerves and renal artery enter and where the renal vein, the lymphatics, and the ureter exit

Answer 4

Renal hilum

Question 5

Renal hilum: slit in the renal capsule where the _____ and _____ enter and where the ______, ______, and ______ exit

Answer 5

nerves and renal artery

renal vein, the lymphatics, and the ureter

Question 6

REGIONS OF THE KIDNEY

Answer 6

• Renal cortex (outer layer)
• Renal medulla (inner layer)

Question 7

Renal medulla (inner layer)
• Divided into…

Answer 7

8 to 10 renal pyramids

Question 8

• The base of each pyramid is at the border between the cortex and medulla and the apex extends towards the _______ forming a_____

Answer 8

renal pelvis

papilla

Question 9

On the tip of each papilla is the ______where the distal ends of collecting ducts (______) open into the renal pelvis

Answer 9

area cribrosa

ducts of Bellini

Question 10

• The outer border of the pelvis is divided into open-ended pouches called ______that extend downward and divide into_____, which collect urine from the tubules of each papilla

Answer 10

major calyces

minor calyces

Question 11

FUNCTIONS OF THE KIDNEY

Answer 11

• Excretion of metabolic waste products and foreign chemicals
• Regulation of water and electrolyte balances/Regulation of body fluid osmolality and electrolyte concentrations
• Regulation of arterial pressure
• Regulation of acid-base balance
• Regulation of erythrocyte production
• Secretion, metabolism, and excretion of hormones
• Gluconeogenesis

Question 12

Excretion of metabolic waste products and foreign chemicals
• primary means for eliminating most of the waste products of metabolism that are no longer needed by the body

Examples?

Answer 12

urea
creatinine
uric acid
bilirubin
hormones
drugs
additives

Question 13

• Regulation of water and electrolyte balances/Regulation of body fluid osmolality and electrolyte concentrations
• for maintenance of homeostasis, excretion of ______ and _____must match intake precisely

Answer 13

water and electrolytes

Question 14

Regulation of arterial pressure
• Excreting variable amounts of sodium and water and by secreting hormones and vasoactive factors or substances (e.g.,______)

Answer 14

renin

Question 15

Regulation of acid-base balance
• Kidneys are the only means of eliminating certain types of acids from the body, such as ______ and _____

Answer 15

sulfuric acid and phosphoric acid

Question 16

Regulation of erythrocyte production
• Secretion of______ by the_______, which stimulates production of red blood cells by hematopoietic stem cells in the bone marrow

Answer 16

erythropoietin

peritubular cells

Question 17

• Secretion, metabolism, and excretion of hormones
• Production of______, the active form of vitamin D

Answer 17

1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol (calcitriol)

Question 18

• Gluconeogenesis
• Kidneys synthesize glucose from_____ and other precursors during______

Answer 18

amino acids

prolonged fasting

Question 19

RENAL BLOOD FLOW
• Arterial supply: renal arteries from the_______
• Venous return: renal veins drain into the_______

Answer 19

abdominal aorta

inferior vena cava

Question 20

RENAL BLOOD FLOW
• In a 70 kg person with an average 1.73m body surface area, the total renal blood flow is 1200 ml/min.
• Total renal plasma flow is 600-700mL/min
• Glomerular filtration rate is 125 ml/min

Question 21

Glomerular filtration rate is_____
• Reabsorbed:_____
• Excreted urine:_____

Answer 21

125 ml/min

124 ml/min

1 ml/min

Question 22

: surround PCT and DCT

• Immediate reabsorption of essential substances from PCT
• Final adjustment of urinary composition in DCT
• Also produces____

Answer 22

Peritubular capillaries

erythropoietin

Question 23

• Vasa recta: adjacent to the______
• Major exchanges of salt and water between the blood and the medullary interstitium

Answer 23

loop of Henle

Question 24

• The functional unit of the kidney (filtration system of the kidney)
•_______ per kidney
• Not capable of_______ @
• Contains the _______(glomerulus and Bowman’s capsule) and the associated renal tubules

Answer 24

NEPHRON

900,000-1,000,000

regeneration

renal corpuscle

Question 25

Types of nephron

Answer 25

• Cortical (85%)
• Juxtamedullary (15%)