LESSON 1: RENAL ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY Flashcards
Describe kidneys
• Paired, bean-shaped structures behind the peritoneum
• located between the 12th thoracic (T12) and the 3rd lumbar (L3)
• The right kidney is slightly lower than the left kidney
• heavier in men than in women
The kidneys
Weighs______ in men,_______ in women
125-170 g
115-155 g
tough, fibrous connective tissue that envelopes the outer surface of the kidney and provides support for the soft tissue inside
Renal capsule
: slit in the renal capsule where the nerves and renal artery enter and where the renal vein, the lymphatics, and the ureter exit
Renal hilum
Renal hilum: slit in the renal capsule where the _____ and _____ enter and where the ______, ______, and ______ exit
nerves and renal artery
renal vein, the lymphatics, and the ureter
REGIONS OF THE KIDNEY
• Renal cortex (outer layer)
• Renal medulla (inner layer)
Renal medulla (inner layer)
• Divided into…
8 to 10 renal pyramids
• The base of each pyramid is at the border between the cortex and medulla and the apex extends towards the _______ forming a_____
renal pelvis
papilla
On the tip of each papilla is the ______where the distal ends of collecting ducts (______) open into the renal pelvis
area cribrosa
ducts of Bellini
• The outer border of the pelvis is divided into open-ended pouches called ______that extend downward and divide into_____, which collect urine from the tubules of each papilla
major calyces
minor calyces
FUNCTIONS OF THE KIDNEY
• Excretion of metabolic waste products and foreign chemicals
• Regulation of water and electrolyte balances/Regulation of body fluid osmolality and electrolyte concentrations
• Regulation of arterial pressure
• Regulation of acid-base balance
• Regulation of erythrocyte production
• Secretion, metabolism, and excretion of hormones
• Gluconeogenesis
Excretion of metabolic waste products and foreign chemicals
• primary means for eliminating most of the waste products of metabolism that are no longer needed by the body
Examples?
urea
creatinine
uric acid
bilirubin
hormones
drugs
additives
• Regulation of water and electrolyte balances/Regulation of body fluid osmolality and electrolyte concentrations
• for maintenance of homeostasis, excretion of ______ and _____must match intake precisely
water and electrolytes
Regulation of arterial pressure
• Excreting variable amounts of sodium and water and by secreting hormones and vasoactive factors or substances (e.g.,______)
renin
Regulation of acid-base balance
• Kidneys are the only means of eliminating certain types of acids from the body, such as ______ and _____
sulfuric acid and phosphoric acid
Regulation of erythrocyte production
• Secretion of______ by the_______, which stimulates production of red blood cells by hematopoietic stem cells in the bone marrow
erythropoietin
peritubular cells
• Secretion, metabolism, and excretion of hormones
• Production of______, the active form of vitamin D
1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol (calcitriol)
• Gluconeogenesis
• Kidneys synthesize glucose from_____ and other precursors during______
amino acids
prolonged fasting
RENAL BLOOD FLOW
• Arterial supply: renal arteries from the_______
• Venous return: renal veins drain into the_______
abdominal aorta
inferior vena cava
RENAL BLOOD FLOW
• In a 70 kg person with an average 1.73m body surface area, the total renal blood flow is 1200 ml/min.
• Total renal plasma flow is 600-700mL/min
• Glomerular filtration rate is 125 ml/min
Glomerular filtration rate is_____
• Reabsorbed:_____
• Excreted urine:_____
125 ml/min
124 ml/min
1 ml/min
: surround PCT and DCT
• Immediate reabsorption of essential substances from PCT
• Final adjustment of urinary composition in DCT
• Also produces____
Peritubular capillaries
erythropoietin
• Vasa recta: adjacent to the______
• Major exchanges of salt and water between the blood and the medullary interstitium
loop of Henle
• The functional unit of the kidney (filtration system of the kidney)
•_______ per kidney
• Not capable of_______ @
• Contains the _______(glomerulus and Bowman’s capsule) and the associated renal tubules
NEPHRON
900,000-1,000,000
regeneration
renal corpuscle
Types of nephron
• Cortical (85%)
• Juxtamedullary (15%)
