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PHASE 2A > RENAL AND GU > Flashcards

RENAL AND GU Flashcards

1
Q

What defines a UTI?

A

> 10^5 organisms/mL or less if with pyuria(pus in the urine)

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2
Q

What can a bladder UTI lead to?

A

cystitis

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3
Q

What is a prostate UTI?

A

Prostatitis

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4
Q

What is a urethra UTI?

A

Urethritis

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5
Q

What is the most common cause of UTIs?

A

E.coli then staph saprophyticus, proteus and klebisella

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6
Q

What are risk factors for UTIs?

A

Diabetes, pregnancy, impaired voiding, sex, stones, intact male foreskin

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7
Q

What organism makes a UTI complicated?

A

S.aureus

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8
Q

What are symptoms of acute pyelonephritis?

A

High fever, rigors, vomiting, loin pain, tenderness

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9
Q

What are symptoms of cystitis?

A

Frequency, dysuria (painful or difficult urnination), urgency, haematuria and suprapubic pain

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10
Q

What are the symptoms of prostatitis?

A

Flu-like, low backache, few urinary symptoms and swollen tender prostate on DRE

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11
Q

What appears on a UTI urine dipstick?

A

Leucocytes and nitrates

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12
Q

Which antibiotics are used for UTIs?

A

Trimethoprim or nitrofurantoin(is eGFR <30)

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13
Q

Where are renal calculi most common?

A

Pelviureteric junction
Pelvic brim
Vesicoureteric junction

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14
Q

Are renal stones more common in males or females?

A

Males

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15
Q

What is the pain like for renal colic?

A

Loin to groin with nausea and vomitting, haem and proteinuria, anuria, sterile pyuria

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16
Q

What foods are linked to kidney stones?

A

Spinach, tea, rhubarb, strawberries, nuts, chocolate

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17
Q

What blood tests do you do for renal stones?

A

Full blood count, U+E, PO4, Glucose, bicarbonate, urate
Imaging- young- xr
Old- non-contrast CT

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18
Q

What is the treatment for renal colic?

A

Pain relief, anti emetics, ccb and extracorporeal shockwave lithotripsy to remove the stone

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19
Q

What type of cancer is bladder cancer?

A

Transitional cell cancinoma

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20
Q

What are signs other than painless haematuria for bladder cancer?

A

Frequency, urgency, dysuria and urinary tract obstruction

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21
Q

What does TURBT stand for?

A

Transurethral resection of bladder tumour

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22
Q

What is the treatment for t2/3 stage bladder cancer?

A

Radical cystectomy or post op chemo

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23
Q

What is treatment foe stage Tis, Ta and T1 bladder cancer?

A

Transurethral Resection of Bladder Tumur and cisplatin

24
Q

What are symptoms of renal cancer?

A

Haematuria, loin pain, abdominal mass, anorexia, high BP from renin

25
Q

What issues are there with treating renal cancer?

A

It is very radio/chemo resisitant but for T1= surgically whilst the rest are treated with biological therapies

26
Q

What is nephritic syndrome causes?

A

IgA nephropathy, post streptococcal glomerulonephritis, goodpasture’s, vascular disease

27
Q

With Nephritic syndrome do you get hypo or hypertension?

A

Hypertension

28
Q

What does post-streptococci glomerulonephritis present with?

A

Group A beta-haemolytic streptococcus

29
Q

What are the causes of nephrotic syndrome?

A

Minimal change disease, membranous
glomerulonephritis- 1st
Diabetes melitus, malignancy, HIV, SLR- 2ndry

30
Q

What are signs other than proteinuria for nephrotic syndrome?

A

Odeama, Hyperlidaemia and hypoalbuminaemia

31
Q

What is minimal change disease?

A

Where cytokines damage the glomeruli so the podocyte foot processes flatten

32
Q

What is urine retention?

A

producing urine but not being able to void

33
Q

What are causes of urine retention?

A

Benign prostate enlargement, prostate cancer, MS or prolapsed disc, drugs blocked catheter

34
Q

What hormone causes prostate hyperplasia?

A

Dihydrotestosterone

35
Q

What are the treatments for BPH?

A

Medical= alpha blockers or 5 aplha reductase inhibitors
Surgical: Transurethral resection of the prostate
retropubic prostatectomy

36
Q

What type of cancer is prostate cancer?

A

Adenocarcinoma

37
Q

What scoring system is used for prostate cancer and how does it work?

A

The Gleason’s score and it looks at how much the cancer cells look uniform

38
Q

What are treatments for prostate cancer?

A

Radical prostatectomy, radical radiotherapy, hormone therapy (anti-androgen and LHRH agonists), chemo

39
Q

What investigation shows testicular torsion?

A

Doppler ultrasound

40
Q

What is epididymo-orchitis?

A

Sudden onset testicular pain due to STI

41
Q

What are signs of testicular cancer?

A

A painless lump, haematospermia, abdominal mass

42
Q

What are the 2 types of testicular cancer?

A

Seminoma or non seminoma

43
Q

What are the 3 tumour markers for testicular cancer?

A

Alpha fetoprotein
Beta human chorionic gonadotrophin
Lactate dehydrogenase

44
Q

How do you treat seminomas?

A

radical orchiectomy and radio

45
Q

How do you treat non-seminomas?

A

Chemo

46
Q

What genes are asociated with polycystic kidney disease?

A

PKD1 and PKD 2

47
Q

Causes of renal AKI?

A

Glomerulonephritis, acute tubular necrosis, drugs, vasculitis

48
Q

What autoantibodies are seen in AKI?

A

ANCA and anti-GBM

49
Q

What are causes of CKD?

A

Diabetes, PKD, hypertension, reflux nephropathy, obstructive uropathy

50
Q

What is the eGFR in stage 4 CKD?

A

15-30

51
Q

Where in the testes is testicular cancer most commonly found?

A

In the body

52
Q

What is the most common compostition of renal stones?

A

Calcium oxalate?

53
Q

What is an investigation for renal cancer?

A

Intravenous urogram

54
Q

What is the most common type of bladder cancer?

A

Transitional

55
Q

What age group does testicular cancer effect?

A

20-40

56
Q

What is a hydroceles?

A

Fluid in the tunica vaginalis that can recover spontanoeously

57
Q

What is a varocele?

A

A dilated pampiniform plexus which feels like a bag of worms

PHASE 2A (14 decks)

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