PATHOLOGY

Question 1

Examples of chronic inflammation?

Answer 1

Persistent infection
Progression from acute
Autoimmune
Transplant rejection

Question 2

What cells are seen in acute inflammation?

Answer 2

Neutrophil polymorphs

Macrophages

Question 3

What cells are seen in chronic inflammation?

Answer 3

Epitheliod macrophages

Question 4

What is a granuloma?

Answer 4

Epithelioid macrophages

Question 5

What cells are seen in TB?

Answer 5

Langhans giant cells

Question 6

How does a scar form?

Answer 6

1. Haemostasis
2. Inflammation
3. Proliferation (granulation tissue formed)
4. Remodelling

Question 7

What is a type 1 hypersensitivity?

Answer 7

IgE

Anyphlaxis, asthma, Churg-strauss syndrome

Question 8

What is a type 2 hypersensitivity?

Answer 8

IgM or IgG
Autoimmune haemolytic anaemia
Graves’
Goodpastures

Question 9

What is a type 3 hypersensitivity?

Answer 9

IgG
Reactive arthritis
SLE

Question 10

What is a type 4 hypersensitivity?

Answer 10

T-cells
Rheumatoid arthritis
MS
Coeliac
Hashimoto's thyroiditis

Question 11

What switches on apoptosis?

Answer 11

P53

Question 12

What is a neoplasm?

Answer 12

A lesion resulting from the AUTONOMOUS, NEW and ABNORMAL growth that PERSISTS after the initiating stimuli is removed.

Question 13

What do tumour suppressor genes do?

Answer 13

Slow down cell division
Repair DNA
Control apoptosis

Question 14

What cancers metastasis to bone?

Answer 14

Prostate, breast, thyroid, lung and kidney

Question 15

What staging is used for colorectal cancer?

Answer 15

Dukes

Question 16

What staging is used for breast, lung, pancreatic and rectal cancer?

Answer 16

TMN

Question 17

What staging is used for prostate cancer?

Answer 17

Gleasons

Question 18

What staging is used for lymphoma?

Answer 18

Ann Arbour

Question 19

What is an indication of a retinal embolism?

Answer 19

Painless blindness

Question 20

What is the Adeno-carcinoma sequence?

Answer 20

APC(germ line mutation) to RAS to P53

Question 21

What is Dukes stage B2?

Answer 21

Through the bowel wall but no metastasis

Question 22

What is Dukes stage C1?

Answer 22

Not through the bowel wall but lymph metastasis

Question 23

What is Dukes stage C2

Answer 23

Through the bowel walls and lymph node metastasis

Question 24

What is Virchow’s triad?

Answer 24

Stasis
Vessel walls
Coagubility

Question 25

Where does a white thrombus occur?

Answer 25

Arteries and is made of platelets

Question 26

Where does a red thrombus occur?

Answer 26

Veins and is fibrin rich

Question 27

What is the treatment for arterial thrombosis?

Answer 27

Anti platelets like aspirin and clopidogrel

Question 28

What is the treatment for venous thrombosis?

Answer 28

Anti- coagulants like warfarin and heparin

Question 29

Where do atherosclerosis occur?

Answer 29

The intima

Question 30

What is a foam cell?

Answer 30

A macrophage attracted to the site of damage in vessel walls. It then takes up lipids to form a foam cell

Question 31

What is the early stage of a atheroma?

Answer 31

A fatty streak

Question 32

What do activated macrophages do in formation of a atherosclerosis?

Answer 32

Release cytokines and growth factors leading to smooth muscle proliferation around the lipid core creating a fibrous cap

Question 33

Which of UC and Crohn’s has granulomas?

Answer 33

Crohns