PATHOLOGY Flashcards
Examples of chronic inflammation?
Persistent infection
Progression from acute
Autoimmune
Transplant rejection
What cells are seen in acute inflammation?
Neutrophil polymorphs
Macrophages
What cells are seen in chronic inflammation?
Epitheliod macrophages
What is a granuloma?
Epithelioid macrophages
What cells are seen in TB?
Langhans giant cells
How does a scar form?
- Haemostasis
- Inflammation
- Proliferation (granulation tissue formed)
- Remodelling
What is a type 1 hypersensitivity?
IgE
Anyphlaxis, asthma, Churg-strauss syndrome
What is a type 2 hypersensitivity?
IgM or IgG
Autoimmune haemolytic anaemia
Graves’
Goodpastures
What is a type 3 hypersensitivity?
IgG
Reactive arthritis
SLE
What is a type 4 hypersensitivity?
T-cells Rheumatoid arthritis MS Coeliac Hashimoto's thyroiditis
What switches on apoptosis?
P53
What is a neoplasm?
A lesion resulting from the AUTONOMOUS, NEW and ABNORMAL growth that PERSISTS after the initiating stimuli is removed.
What do tumour suppressor genes do?
Slow down cell division
Repair DNA
Control apoptosis
What cancers metastasis to bone?
Prostate, breast, thyroid, lung and kidney
What staging is used for colorectal cancer?
Dukes
What staging is used for breast, lung, pancreatic and rectal cancer?
TMN
What staging is used for prostate cancer?
Gleasons
What staging is used for lymphoma?
Ann Arbour
What is an indication of a retinal embolism?
Painless blindness
What is the Adeno-carcinoma sequence?
APC(germ line mutation) to RAS to P53
What is Dukes stage B2?
Through the bowel wall but no metastasis
What is Dukes stage C1?
Not through the bowel wall but lymph metastasis
What is Dukes stage C2
Through the bowel walls and lymph node metastasis
What is Virchow’s triad?
Stasis
Vessel walls
Coagubility
Where does a white thrombus occur?
Arteries and is made of platelets
Where does a red thrombus occur?
Veins and is fibrin rich
What is the treatment for arterial thrombosis?
Anti platelets like aspirin and clopidogrel
What is the treatment for venous thrombosis?
Anti- coagulants like warfarin and heparin
Where do atherosclerosis occur?
The intima
What is a foam cell?
A macrophage attracted to the site of damage in vessel walls. It then takes up lipids to form a foam cell
What is the early stage of a atheroma?
A fatty streak
What do activated macrophages do in formation of a atherosclerosis?
Release cytokines and growth factors leading to smooth muscle proliferation around the lipid core creating a fibrous cap
Which of UC and Crohn’s has granulomas?
Crohns
