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PHASE 2A > CARDIO > Flashcards

CARDIO Flashcards

1
Q

What is cor pulmonale?

A

Abnormal enlargement of the right side of the heart from lung disease or abnormal blood vessels.

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2
Q

What are symptoms of left sided heart failure?

A

SOB, paroxymal sleep, night cough, frothy sputum, wheeze

Systemic- poor exercise, fatigue, nocturia, cold fingers, weight loss

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3
Q

What are symptoms of right sided heart failure?

A

peripheral odeama, cariomegaly, dilated great vessels, pleural effusion
Systemic- ascities, nausea, anorexia, nosebleeds

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4
Q

What are signs of heart failure?

A

cyanosis, displaced apex beat, raised JVP

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5
Q

what are the th signs on X-ray of heart failure?

A

Batwing odema
Cardiomegaly
Dilated great vessels
Pleural effusion

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6
Q

What is diagnostic of heart failure?

A

Echocardiogram

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7
Q

What are secondary causes of hypertension?

A

Renal disease, PKD, Cushing’s, hyperparathyroidism, acromegaly, pregnancy

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8
Q

What is malignant hypertension?

A

Occurs from vascular damage and is seen by bilateral retinal damage, papliledema and sigh problems

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9
Q

When do we treat blood pressure?

A

Hospital 140/90

Ambulatory 135/85

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10
Q

What is the treatment of hypertension in someone under 55?

A

Ace inhibitor/ ARB

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11
Q

What is the treatment for hypertension in someone over 55 or afro carribean?

A

calcium channel blockers

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12
Q

What is the second line treatment for hypertension?

A

ACE inhibitor and CCB

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13
Q

What is the 3rd line treatment for hypertension?

A

ACE inhibitor, calcium channel blocker and thiazide like diaretic

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14
Q

What is the 4th line treatment for hypertension?

A

ACE inhibitor, CCB, thiazide diuretic, BB and spironalactone

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15
Q

What is prinzmetal’s angina?

A

Random coronary artery spasm

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16
Q

What is prevention of angina attacks?

A

Stop smoking, diet, exercise, statins

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17
Q

What is the treatment for Agina?

A 
GTN spray- vein dilator to reduce preload
Beta blockers
Calcium channel blockers
Antiplatelet
Statin
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18
Q

What are 2 surgical interventions for angina?

A

Percutaneous coronary intervention

Coronary bypass graft

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19
Q

What are complications of this surgery?

A

Heart failure, arrhymia, ACS

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20
Q

What is the drug for MI?

A

DUAL ANTI PLATELETS- aspirin and clopidogrel
Anti-coag- heparin
BB> ACEi>CCB

21
Q

What is the classification system for heart failure?

A

New York from 1 to 4

22
Q

What blood test do we do for heart failure?

A

BNP- brain natriuretic peptide

23
Q

Acute HF treatment?

A

Oxygen, pain relief, monitor ECG, Loop diuretics, GTN spray

24
Q

What are the ECG changes for AF?

A

Irregular QRS complexes and absent P waves

25
Q

What drugs rate control AF?

A

BB, CCB and digoxin

26
Q

Does heart block cause tacy or bradycardia?

A

Bradycardia

27
Q

What is the treatment for asymptomatic heart block?

A

Watch and wait plus atropine

28
Q

What is the treatment for 3rd degree heart block?

A

Permanent pacemaker

29
Q

What is Wolff- Parkinson-White syndrome?

A

Extra paths in the atria

30
Q

What is the treatment for heart block?

A

Haemodynamically stable- cardioversion

Haemofynamically unstable- carotid massage

31
Q

What are causes of LBBB?

A

IHD, LV hypertrophy, aortic valve disease, post cardiac surgery

32
Q

What is the cause of RBBB?

A

PE, RV hypertrophy, IHD, congenital heart disease

33
Q

What is the management of BBB?

A

Treat cause then pacemaker

34
Q

What is bundle branch block?

A

Where the ventricles do not contract at the same time i.e. with right BBB the left contract before the right

35
Q

What are the viral causes of pericarditis?

A

Coxsackie, echovirus, EBV

36
Q

What are the bacterial causes of pericarditis?

A

TB, rheumatic fever, staph and strep

37
Q

What is a sign of pericarditis?

A

Pain is relieved when sitting forward and thus worse when lying down
Also pericardial friction rub

38
Q

What are the signs of pericardial effusion?

A

Muffled heart sounds, left base bronchoal breathing

39
Q

What the ECG changes of pericarditis?

A

Saddled shaped ST elevation

40
Q

What does aortic stenosis lead to?

A

LV hypertrophy, IHD and HF

41
Q

Signs of aortic stenosis?

A

Slow rising pulse (tardus), narrow oulse pressure (parvus)

Ejection systomlic murmur and no 2nd heart sound

42
Q

What is the management for aortic stenosis?

A

Aortic valve replacement

43
Q

What is the investigation for aortic aneurysm?

A

Ultrasound

44
Q

What is a aortic dissection?

A

A tear in the arotic intima creating high blood pressure and a false lumen

45
Q

What is the difference between a type A and a type B aortic dissection?

A

In Type A the ascending aorta is involved.

46
Q

What are signs of aortic dissection?

A

Sudden severe chest pain, pulse loss leading to a diastolic murmur.

47
Q

What is the management of aortic dissection?

A

Stenting then to surgery

48
Q

How do we treat peripheral vascular disease?

A

Clopidogrel

PHASE 2A (14 decks)

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