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V - KCU - REN (T1) - OMS1 > Renal Anatomy & Histology > Flashcards

Renal Anatomy & Histology Flashcards

1
Q

Kidneys are considered retroperitoneal. What does this mean

A

They lie behind the peritoneal membrane that separates them from the internal abdominal organs

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2
Q

What level do the kidneys sit at

A

About T12 - L3

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3
Q

Which kidney is lower

A

The R

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4
Q

Define the renal hilum

A

This is the entrance to the renal sinus which contains the blood vessels, renal pelvis, and nerves

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5
Q

The left kidney hilum is located where

A

At transpyloric plane (T12)

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6
Q

The transpyloric plane runs through what on the right kidney

A

The superior pole of the R kidney

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7
Q

Define the anatomical position of each ureter

A

5 cm from the spinal column and intersects with transverse processes of lumbar spine

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8
Q

What is the purpose of the renal fascia

A

Sends collagen bundles throughout paranephric fat to hold kidney in place

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9
Q

Superiorly, what is the renal fascia continuous with

A

The inferior fascia of the diaphragm

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10
Q

Which N.’s pass diagonally across the posterior surface of the kidneys

A

Subcostal N.
Iliohypogastric N.
Iliolingual N.

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11
Q

What separates the R kidney from the liver

A

Hepatorenal recess

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12
Q

What is the order, anterior to posterior of the vessels in the renal hilum

A

Renal V. To Renal A. To Renal Pelvis

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13
Q

Define the renal capsule

A

Denser irregular CT on the surface of the kidney with an inner layer of myofibroblasts

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14
Q

Define the renal cortex

A

Outer portion containing renal corpuscles

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15
Q

Define the renal medulla

A

Collection of renal pyramids and columns

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16
Q

Define renal columns

A

Tissue lying between pyramids running from cortex to the calyx

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17
Q

Define renal lobes

A

Single pyramids plus the surrounding adjacent cortex

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18
Q

Define renal papillae

A

Projections of medullary pyramids apices into calyxes

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19
Q

The ureters have three constriction points what are they

A

At the renal pelvis
At the pelvic inlet
Passing into the urinary bladder

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20
Q

What is the major attachment of the adrenal glands

A

The diaphragm

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21
Q

What does the R suprarenal gland connect with

A 
The IVC (ant/medially)
The liver (ant/laterally) 
The diaphragm (superiorly)
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22
Q

Where do the veins and lymph enter into the suprarenal gland

A

The hilum

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23
Q

What is the major A. That supplies the ureters

A

The renal branches

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24
Q

What are the two parts of the suprarenal gland

A
  1. Suprarenal cortex

2. Medulla

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25
Q

Describe the suprarenal cortex

A

Arises from mesoderm
Secretes corticosteroids and androgens

Causes kidney to retain Na and H2O

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26
Q

Describe the suprarenal medulla

A

Mass of nervous tissue derived from NC cells

Does the whole NE thing

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27
Q

Where do the renal artery branch into segmental A.’s

A

At the hilum

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28
Q

What does the segmental A. Supply

A

Whole branches of the kidney

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29
Q

Where does the interlobar A. Pass between

A

Lobes of the kidney

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30
Q

Where does the arcuate A. Run

A

Over top of the renal pyramid

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31
Q

Where does the cortical radiate A enter

A

The cortex

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32
Q

Where does the Renal A. Arise from

A

L1/L2

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33
Q

Where does the venous drainage of the ureters drain into

A

Drains into the gonadal V.’s

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34
Q

Which sympathetic N.’s synapse at the aorticorenal ganglia and then into the kidneys

A

Lesser splanchnic N. (T10/11)
Least splanchnic N. (T12)
Lumbar splanchnic N. (L1/2)

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35
Q

What is the parasympathetic innervation of the kidneys

A

The Vagus N.

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36
Q

What is the urine forming unit of the kidney and what does it consist of

A

The nephron which consists of renal corpuscle and renal tubules

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37
Q

Define the medullary ray

A

A vertical column of straight collecting ducts consisting of the

Proximal straight tubule
The ascending loop of Henle
The cortical collecting duct

38
Q

What does the cortex contain

A

Renal corpuscles
Convoluted and straight tubules
Portions of the collecting ducts

39
Q

What does the medulla contain

A

Renal columns and renal pyramids

40
Q

What is the role of the renal interstititum

A

Fibroblasts producing EPO which depends on O2 levels

41
Q

Define the glomerulus

A

A collection of capillaries which are fenestrated with open pores

42
Q

What is the parietal layer of Bowman’s capsule made up of

What about the visceral layer and the glomerular space

A

P - Simple squamous epithelium

V - podocytes

GS - primary filtrate

43
Q

What is the origin of the proximal convoluted tubule

A

The urinary pole

44
Q

What is contained in the vascular pole

A

The afferent and efferent arterioles

45
Q

What does the R suprarenal V. Drain into

What about the L suprarenal V

A

The IVC

The L renal V.

46
Q

Does the SNS N. To the suprarenal glands have a pre/post synaptic N? Explain

A

NO. Passes through aorticorenal plexus and synapses directly on to the chroffamin cells with a pre-synaptic N.

47
Q

What does the glomerular endothelium contain

A

Truly open fenestrations and aquaporins

48
Q

What is the role of the glycocalyx

A

Has a negative charge which repels anions

49
Q

What can the glomerular endothelium generate and what is the significance of this

A

NO and PGE2 which is influenced by Ang. II and can help retain H2O

50
Q

What is the physiological purpose of the podocytes (visceral layer of bowman’s capsule)

A

A single layer of cells having pedicles that make filtration slits with ultrathin diaphragms to allows for selectivity of filtration

51
Q

Define the basement membrane and its function

A

A fused basement membrane of the endothelium and podocytes

Restricts passage of blood cells, Ig, and large proteins into the filtrate

52
Q

What type of collagen makes up the basement membrane

A

Type 4 and 18

53
Q

Does the basement membrane allow passage of albumin?

A

No

54
Q

Define mesangial cells and their function

A

Support the glomerular loops and ECM of the podocytes

Also phagocytosis proteins and cellular debris

Also prevents glomerular distention due to high glomerular BP

55
Q

Where is the PCT only found

A

In the renal cortex

56
Q

The PCT is the most active tubule in what

A

Resorption and secretion

57
Q

What cell types makes up the PCT

A

Simple cuboidal/columnar epithelium with a brush boarder

58
Q

What does the PCT resorb most of

A

Glucose and AA

59
Q

What does the PST contain

A

High-affinity Na/Glu co-transporters to get what glucose and Na are missed by PCT

60
Q

Where does the loop of henle terminate near

A

The vascular pole

61
Q

Define the make up of the TDLoH

A

Thin permeable simple squamous epithelial wall with no brush border

62
Q

Define the make up of the ThALoH

A

Simple cuboidal epithelium with numerous microvili but no brush border

63
Q

What is the role of the LoH

A

To set up the hyperosmotic gradient and retain fluids

64
Q

Where is the DCT located

A

In the cortex

65
Q

What makes up the DCT

A

Simple cuboidal epithelium

66
Q

What influences Na resorption in the DCT

A

Aldosterone

67
Q

What are the collecting ducts lined with

A

Simple cuboidal epithelium with simple columnar at their ends

68
Q

What is the primary function of the collecting ducts

A

Water reabsorption

69
Q

Final urine osmolality is determined by what

A

Resorbing water

70
Q

What are the two cell types of the collecting duct epithelium

A 
Light cells (principle cells) 
Dark cells (intercalated cells)
71
Q

What targets the principle cells

A

Aldosterone

72
Q

What is the function of the intercalated cells

A

H and bicarb trasnsport

73
Q

What are the two capillaries that the efferent arterioles can give rise to

A

Peritubular capillaries and vasa recta

74
Q

Define the peritubular capillaries

A

Surround the convoluted tubules and are lined with fenestrated endothelium

75
Q

Define the vasa recta

A

Thin walled vessels that line the descending LoH and are part of the urine concentrating system

76
Q

Define the JG cells

A

Mechanosensory cells which secrete renin if blood pressure is low

77
Q

Define the macula densa

A

Cells at the distal end of ThALoH which act as chemoreceptor by monitoring salt levels and signal the JG cells to secrete renin if needed (Na Low)

78
Q

What lines most of the urinary tract

A

Transitional epithelium

79
Q

What are the three layers of the transitional epithelium of the urinary tract

A

Superficial (stretch and relaxed)
Intermediate (sliding)
Basal (stem cells)

80
Q

What is the purpose of the fusiform vesicles

A

Adds plasma membrane to superficial epithelial cells to allow for stretch

81
Q

What is the purpose of the intermediate layer

A

To allow the superficial layer to stretch and contract as needed with the volume of urine

82
Q

What are the three layers of the ureter

A

Inner longitudinal
Outer circular
Outer longitudinal

83
Q

Define the trigone

A

Inferior/posterior wall where ureters and urethra open

84
Q

What is the bladder wall lined with

A

Transitional epithelium

85
Q

What are the three layers of thick muscle called in the bladder

A

The detrusor muscle

86
Q

Majority of the urethra is composed of what cell type

A

Pseudostratified columnar

87
Q

What cell type is found at the distal end of the urethra

A

Stratified squamous epithelium

88
Q

Females only have what type of urethra

A

Membranous

89
Q

Define the control and make up fo the internal and external urethral sphincters

A

Internal - involuntary smooth muscle that is part of the bladder wall

External - voluntary skeletal muscle which inhibits urination and is part of the pelvic floor

90
Q

What are the three regions of the male urethra and where do they lie

A
  1. Prostatic urethra - passes through prostate gland
  2. Membranous urethra - passes through urogenital diaphragm
  3. Spongy urethra - passes though the corpus spongiosum
91
Q

The suprarenal A.’s arise from what three sources

A

Superior suprarenal A. From the inferior phrenic A.
Middle suprarenal A. From the abdominal aorta
Inferior suprarenal A. From the renal A.

92
Q

What are the three A.’s of the suprarenal gland

A

Superior, middle, and inferior suprarenal A.’s

V - KCU - REN (T1) - OMS1 (8 decks)

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