Physiology Of Body Fluid

Question 1

All solutes and water that enter or leave the body do so via what

Answer 1

The ECF

Question 2

The ICF and ECF are in what, and what does this mean?

Answer 2

Osmotic equilibrium, which means H2O only moves between them when an osmotic pressure gradient exists

Question 3

Equilibrium of ICF and ECF osmolality occurs primarily by what

Answer 3

shifts in H2O, NOT shifts in solute

Question 4

What is the only fluid that can be acted upon directly to control its volume and composition

Answer 4

Plasma

Question 5

Any control mechanism that operates on the plasma, then regulates what

Answer 5

The ECF

Question 6

Define third spacing

Answer 6

Too much fluid shifts from the blood vessels (intravascular) into the nonfunctional area of cells between the tissues and organs. This leads to a dehydration

Question 7

Water moves how

Answer 7

From an area of higer concentration (such as a hypotonic solution) to an area of lower concentration (such as a hypertonic solution)

Question 8

Define nonelectrolytes

Answer 8

Contain covalent bonds that prevent them from dissociating in solution and therefore have no electrical charge

I.e. glucose, lipids, urea

Question 9

Define electrolytes

Answer 9

Dissociate into ions in water

Question 10

All body fluid cavities have aprox. The same osmolality which is what

Answer 10

Around 290 - 300 mOsm

Question 11

What is the serum electrolyte of Na

Answer 11

135 - 147 mEq/L

Question 12

What is the serum electrolyte of Cl

Answer 12

95 - 105 mEq/L

Question 13

What is the serum electrolyte of K

Answer 13

3.5 - 5 mEq/L

Question 14

What is the serum electrolyte of HCO3

Answer 14

22 - 28 mEq/L

Question 15

What is the serum electrolyte of Ca

Answer 15

8.4 - 10 mg/dl

Question 16

What is the serum electrolyte of Pi

Answer 16

3.0 - 4.5 mg/dl

Question 17

What is the serum protein level of albumin

Answer 17

3.5 - 5.5 g/dl

Question 18

What is the serum protein level of globulin

Answer 18

2.3 - 3.5 g/dl

Question 19

What is the serum protein level of total proteins

Answer 19

6.0 - 7.8 g/dl

Question 20

What is the serum level of creatine

Answer 20

0.6 - 1.2 mg/dl

Question 21

What is the serum level of BUN

Answer 21

7 - 18 mg/dl

Question 22

Blood contains both what

Answer 22

ECF (plasma) and ICF (fluid in RBC)

Question 23

And ECF volume loss will result in what

Answer 23

An increased total plasma protein concentration

Question 24

And ECF volume gain will result in what

Answer 24

A decreased total plasma protein (dilution)

Question 25

What is normal hematocrit in men? What about women?

Answer 25

0. 4 (men)

0. 35 (women)

Question 26

Define the Gibbs-Donnan Effect

Answer 26

Due to an abundance of (-) charged proteins on the inside of the cell, there becomes an oncotic gradient favoring the movement of water into the cell as well as the movement of positive charges into the cell

Question 27

How does the body counteract the Gibbs-Donnan Effect

Answer 27

With the NA/K ATPase pumps

Moves ions and also prevents excessive inward movement of water

Question 28

As long as capillary blood pressure (hydrostatic pressure) exceeds plasma colloid osmotic pressure, what will happen

Answer 28

Filtration

Question 29

When capillary blood pressure (hydrostatic pressure) falls below plasma colloid osmotic pressure, what happens

Answer 29

Absorption

Question 30

What is plasma colloid osmotic pressure due to

Answer 30

Albumin

Question 31

How does CHF lead to edema

Answer 31

Due to underfilling of vasculature (decreased MAP from a hypertrophied LV due to increased AoP) SNS kicks in and causes kidneys to retain Na and H2O which then increases capillary hyrodstatic pressure, making the problem worse and causing edema

Question 32

Define:
Isotonic
Hypertonic
Hypotonic

Answer 32

Isotonic - equal movement of water into and out of cell

Hypertonic - shrinkage of cell, movement of water into ECF

Hypotonic - Lysis of cell, movement of water into ICF

Question 33

Define crystalloids

Answer 33

Containing organic or inorganic salts dissolved in water

Will readily diffuse across capillary walls to affect ECF

Question 34

Define colloids

Answer 34

Solution containing large proteins that don’t pass though the cell membranes or the capillaries. Stay in ECF and purely expand ECF volume without regard for electrolytes

Question 35

Define hyponatremic dehydration

Answer 35

Loss of sodium is greater that loss of water in ECF

Increased serum sodium levels

Water shifts from ECF to ICF to establish an equilibrium

Will cause edema, brain cell swelling, muscle cramps, tachycardia, hypotension etc.

Question 36

Define hypernatremic dehydration

Answer 36

Loss of water is greater than loss of Na in ECF

Serum Na in ECF is greater than ICF, causing a shift of water into the ECF

Edema and hypertension seen as well as hyperactive reflexes, decreased urine output, and increased thirst

Question 37

Define volume contraction

Answer 37

A decrease in ECF which causes decreased blood volume and decreased blood pressure

Question 38

Define volume expansion

Answer 38

Means an increase in ECF volume and thus pressure and edema