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Anatomy > Renal Anatomy > Flashcards

Renal Anatomy Flashcards

1
Q

Kidney function

A

Excretes most of waste products of metabolism.
Controls water and electrolyte balance of body.
Maintains acid-base balance of body.
Secretes hormones and renin into the blood stream

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2
Q

What is the pronephros and mesonephros?

A
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3
Q

Metanephros forms what 2 structures?

A

Ureteric bud

Metanephrogenic blastoma

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4
Q

Polycystic vs Horseshoe kidney

A

Polycystic Kidney:
Hereditary disease.
Failure of union between convoluted tubules and collecting tubules.
Retention of urine in proximal tubules results in cysts.

Horseshoe Kidney:
Caudal ends of both kidneys fuse.
Prone to infection and stones

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5
Q

Kidneys develop where?

A

Pelvis

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6
Q

Kidney arterial supply is ORIGINALLY from where?

A

Middle sacral artery

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7
Q

Location of kidney

A

Primary retroperitoneal.
Left kidney higher than right (Liver).
Located between T12 – L3 vertebrae.
Hila of kidney: L1

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8
Q

Which kidney is higher?

A

Left

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9
Q

Costovertebral angle

A

Angle between 12th rib and vertebral column.
Occupied by the lower part of the pleural sac.
Kidney lies inferiorly.

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10
Q

Renal angle

A

The angle between the 12th rib and the lateral border of erector spinae muscle.
Occupied by kidney.

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11
Q
A
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12
Q

Right kidney anterior relations

A
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13
Q

Left kidney anterior relations

A
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14
Q

Kidney posterior relations

A
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15
Q

Coverings of kidney

A

Important bc spread of infections

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16
Q
A
17
Q

What propels urine into bladder?

A

Smooth muscle in calyces propels urine through renal pelvis into ureters to the bladder.

18
Q

Renal hilum and renal sinus

A
19
Q

Kidney arterial supply

A
20
Q

5 segmental branches of kidney arteries

A 
Apical
Caudal
Anterior Superior
Anterior Inferior
Posterior
21
Q

Kidney veins

A
22
Q

Lymphatics of kidney

A

Lymphatics follow renal veins.

Drain into right and left lumbar nodes (caval and aortic) near origin of renal artery

23
Q

Kidney innervation

A

Sympathetic Supply

Function: Vasomotor regulating blood flow and renin secretion.
From renal plexus, which follows renal arteries.
Post-ganglionic sympathetic from (T10 – L2).

Parasympathetic Supply

Contested: some texts state vagus nerve
More recent research suggests there is no evidence of parasympathetic supply.

**Renal function not dependant on innervation as shown with renal transplantation (complete transection of innervation).
Renal function regulated by hormones.

24
Q

Staghora calculi

A

Struvite

Recurrent urinary tract infection increase in ammonia production increase PH decrease phosphate solubility

25
Q

Ureter

A

25 – 30 cm
long muscular tube
Transports urine from kidney to urinary bladder.
Begins as a continuation of renal pelvis.
Peristaltic contractions
3mm in diameter

26
Q

Journey of the ureter in abdomen

A
27
Q

Journey of ureter in pelvis

A
28
Q

Kidney stones - renal and ureteric calculi

A

Common clinical problem.

May cause distension of muscular tube.

Complete or intermittent obstruction of urinary flow.

Pain referred from ‘loin to groin’.

Ureteric colic is severe intermittent pain due to contraction of ureteric muscles to overcome an obstruction, usually due to stone or clot formation.

29
Q

Ureteric constrictions

A

The ureter has constrictions at three points (sites of obstruction and stone impaction):

  1. Ureteropelvic junction.
  2. Crossing of common iliac artery.
  3. Site of entrance to bladder.
30
Q

Arteries

A
  1. Renal artery
  2. Gonadal artery
  3. Common iliac artery
  4. Internal iliac artery
31
Q

Bladder male vs female

A
32
Q

Bladder external features

A

Pyramidal in shape

Apex: Points towards pubic symphysis

Attachment to median umbilical ligament

  • Running to umbilicus
  • Remnant of urachus: fibrous remnant of allantois

Base: Faces posteroinferiorly

Two inferolateral surfaces

Neck: surrounds urethra: fixed in position

33
Q

Bladder ligaments

A

Help prevent prolapse

34
Q

Bladder internal features

A
35
Q

Bladder arterial supply

A

Superior vesical artery

males only- inferior vesical artery
vaginal artery in females

36
Q

Bladder veinous drainage

A

Vesical venous plexus

Bladder drained by:
Vesical venous plexus 
- Drains into internal iliac vein
- Communicates inferiorly with:
  1. Inferior prostatic inferiorly (males)
  2. Utero-vaginal plexus (females)
37
Q

Bladder innervation

A

Parasympathetic: Motor to detrusor / inhibitory to internal urethral sphincter.

Sympathetic contraction of internal urethral sphincter: nervous to go to toilet. Or during ejaculation to prevent semen entering bladder.

Visceral afferents are stimulated by stretching: bladder contracts by reflex… We learn to supress this reflex when we are get pottytrained.

38
Q

Urethra female

A
39
Q

Urethra male

A

Anatomy (13 decks)

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