Renal

Question 1

metabolic alkalosis causes

Answer 1

Diuretics
Vomiting
Hypokalemia 
Hyeraldosteronism 
Antiacid overuse

Question 2

Contraction alkalosis

Answer 2

Decreased ECV –> activation of RAAS –> increase H+ secretion and bicarb absorption

Question 3

Type 1 Renal tubular acidosis

Answer 3

Distal nephron cannot secrete H+ and cannot resorb K
So hypokalemia and severely low bicarb level
Urine pH >5.5 despite acidosis
Chronic bilateral kidney stones and rickets

Question 4

Negative urine anion gap in acidosis

Answer 4

GI cause

Question 5

Positive urine anion gap in acidosis

Answer 5

Renal tubular acidosis (Type I)

Question 6

Type II RTA

Answer 6

Defect in proximal tubule HCO resorption
Urine can still acidify but still hypokalemic
Fanconi syndrome (bone wasting)

Question 7

Type IV RTA

Answer 7

Distal tubule doesn’t respond to aldosterone
HYPERkalemia
Seen in diabetic kidney disease, ACEi, NSAIDs, TMP/SMX, potassium-sparing diuretics

Question 8

Causes of increased anion gap metabolic acidosis

Answer 8

Methanol (antifreeze and cleaners) 
Uremia
DI
Propylene glycol 
Isoniazid 
Lactic acidosis (shock, ischemic bowel)
Excessive iron 
Salicylic acid