Pharm Flashcards
What is used to treat gout?
Acute: NSAIDs, steroids, and colchicine (prevents polymerization of microtubules)
Chronic: allopurinol (inhibits XO), febuxostat (inhibits XO), probenecid (decreases reabsorption), pegloticase (converts uric acid –> allantoin)
Type 1 antiarrhythmics
Block inactivated sodium channels –> slows phase 0 (upstroke) of action potential –> widened QRS as HR increases
Used for tachycardias
Class 1A antiarrhythmics
Quinidine, Procainamide, Disopyramide
Also inhibits K+ channels –> prolonged action potential –> prolonged QT
Treats supraventricular and ventricular arrhythmias (WPW)
Class 1B antiarrhythmics
Lidocaine, Phenytoin, Mexiletine
Shortened action potential
Treats ventricular arrhythmias (Ischemia)
Class 1C antiarrhythmics
Flecanide, Propafenone
Most drastic slowing of phase 0 upstroke but no affects on action potential duration
Used to treat aFib
Nitrates MOA
NO –> increased cGMP –> myosin light chain dephosphorylation –> increased venous dilation –> decreased preload
How to treat nitrate induced methemoglobinemia?
Sulfates
Low potency 1st gen antipsychotics
Chlorpromazine, Thioridazine
High risk of sedation, orthostatic hypotension, and anticholinergic effects
High potency 1st gen antipsychotics
Haloperidol, Fluphenazine, Trifluoperazine
High risk of extrapyramidal effects
Extrapyramidal side effects
Acute dystonia: sustained muscle contraction
Akathisia: inability to sit still
Cogwheel rigidity (can use benztropine, trihexyphenidyl)
Tardive dyskinesia
Neuroleptic Malignant Syndrome cause and symptoms
Caused by antipsychotics
Leady pipe rigidity Fever Autonomic instability Increased creatine kinase Altered mental status
Beta Lactams MOA
Halt peptidoglycan synthesis by binding Penicillin Binding Proteins
What confers genes for beta lactamases?
Plasmids
Empiric treatment for meningitis
3rd generation cephalosporin and vancomycin
Muscarinic agonists
Bethanechol, pilocarpine, methacholine
Used to treat urinary retention, constipation, dry mouth, and acute glaucoma
Muscarinic and Nicotinic agonist
Carbachol
Used to constrict pupils to treat glaucoma
Varenicline
Partial nicotinic agonist used to treat smoking cessation
Metyrapone
Inhibits 11-beta-hydroxylase –> decreased cortisol synthesis
Used to test HPA axis integrity
Emicizumab
A monoclonal antibody that mimics factor VIII
Adenosine
Causes hyperpolarization of nodal pacemaker to briefly block conduction through AV node
Used to treat paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia
Adverse: flushing, bronchospasm, and hypotension
What can treat torsades?
Mg
-tidine
Ranitidine, cimetidine, famotidine, nizatidine
H2 receptor blockers –> decrease gastric acid secretion
Cimetidine inhibits CYP450 (gynecomastia, impotence)
Side effects of PPIs
Increased risk of C diff and respiratory infections
Decreased absorption of iron, calcium, and magnesium
Class III antiarrhythmics
Block K+ channels to prolong phase 3 and 4 of myocyte action potential
Amiodorone, dofetilide, ibutilide, sotalol
