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Step Review > Cardio > Flashcards

Cardio Flashcards

1
Q

Stroke volume

A

EDV - ESV

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2
Q

Frank Starling

A

Increased preload –> increased contractility

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3
Q

Ejection Fraction

A

Stroke volume / EDV

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4
Q

Increased preload

A

Increased EDV, stroke volume, and EF

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5
Q

Increased afterload

A

Increased ESV, decreased stroke volume, decreased EF

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6
Q

Increased contractility

A

Changes ESPVR

Decreased ESV, increased SV, increased EF

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7
Q

Decreased compliance

A

Changes EDPVR

Decreased EDV, and increased EDP

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8
Q

Aortic stenosis PV Loop

A

Increased afterload

Decreased SV

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9
Q

Mitral regurgitation PV loop

A

Isovolumic contraction is disrupted

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10
Q

Aortic regurgitation PV loop

A

Isovolumic relaxation is disrupted

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11
Q

Mitral stenosis PV loop

A

Ventricle can’t fill properly

PV loop looks just slightly smaller than normal

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12
Q

Mitral stenosis murmur

A

Holodiastolic murmur with an opening snap
Worse = decreased time for opening snap
Louder with expiration

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13
Q

Aortic stenosis murmur

A

Systolic crescendo-decrescendo
Worse = murmur peaks closer to S2
Radiates to carotids and pulsus parves et tardus

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14
Q

Mitral regurgitation murmur

A

HoloSystolic

Louder with expiration, handgrip, and squatting

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15
Q

Aortic regurgitation murmur

Symptoms

A

Diastolic decrescendo
Increased pulse pressure
Louder with expiration and handgrip

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16
Q

Mitral valve prolapse murmur

A

Late ejection click during systole
Young healthy female/Marfan
Louder w/ Valsalva and standing (low preload)

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17
Q

Carcinoid heart disease

A

GI or lung tumors that metastasize liver –> serotonin

Flushing, abdominal pain, diarrhea, tricuspid or pulmonic valve disease

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18
Q

Ventral septal defect murmur

A

Holosystolic murmur

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19
Q

Patent ductus arteriosus

A

A continuous machine-like murmur

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20
Q

3 things associated with bicuspid aortic valve

Early ejection click

A

Marfan syndrome
Turner syndrome
Coarctation of the aorta

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21
Q

Atrial septal defect mumur

A

Fixed S2 split with systolic ejection murmur

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22
Q

S3

A

Occurs early diastole
Due to high RA pressure usually due to HF
Louder on exhalation

23
Q

S4

A

Occurs in late diastole

Due to stiff ventricle

24
Q

Subclavian steal syndrome

A

Severe stenosis of the proximal subclavian artery –> reversal in blood flow from the contralateral vertebral artery to the ipsilateral vertebral artery

25
Q

Left axis deviation

A

LBBB
Ventricular rhythm

Lead II should be negative

26
Q

Right axis deviation

A

RBBB
Right ventricular hypertrophy

Lead I should be negative

27
Q

Normal PR interval

A

120-200ms

28
Q

Normal QRS interval

A

<120

29
Q

Cause of short QT interval

A

Hypercalcemia

30
Q

Congenital long QT syndrome

A

Abnormal K/Na channels

Family history of sudden death, pass out recurrently

31
Q

Sinus rhythm EKG

A

P waves regular and upright in leads II, II, and F

32
Q

LBBB EKG

A

Wide QRS with negative V1

33
Q

RBBB EKG

A

Wide QRS with positive V1

34
Q

Tented T wave

U waves

A

Hyperkalemia

Hypokalemia

35
Q

AFib EKG and concerns

A

No p waves
Irregularly irregular rhythm

Major concern is thrombus formation
Can also cause shock if person has Aortic Stenosis

36
Q

Pericarditis findings

A

Diffuse ST elevation and PR depression
Friction rub
Pain worse laying down and better leaning forward

37
Q

Tamponade

Constriction pericarditis

Restrictive cardiomyopathy

A

Pulsus paradoxus, electrical alternans, sharp x descent and blunted y

Kussmauls, rapid y descent, pericardial knock

Kussmauls

38
Q

How to fix an AVNRT

A

Massage neck –> increase parasympathetic –> decreased conduction through AV node

39
Q

ST segment depression

A

Stable/unstable angina (subendocardial ischemia)

40
Q

ST segment elevation

A

Transmural ischemia
Prinzmetal angina
MI

41
Q

Complications of returning blood to dead tissue

A 
Contraction band necrosis (Ca+ --> contraction) 
Reperfusion injury (O2--> free radicals)
42
Q

Timeline of microscopic changes after MI

A 
<4 hrs --> no change 
Within 24 hrs --> coagulative necrosis 
1-3 days --> neutrophils 
4-7 days --> macrophages 
1-3 weeks --> granulation tissue 
Months --> fibrosis
43
Q

Timeline of complications after MI

A

<1 day –> arrhythmia
1-3 days –> pericarditis
4-7 days –> rupture of free ventricular wall, papillary muscle (RCA), or interventricular septum
Months –> aneurysms, mural thrombus, dressler syndrome

44
Q

Dressler syndrome

A

Autoimmune pericarditis

45
Q

VSD

A

Most common congenital defect
Associated with fetal alcohol syndrome
Complications: pulm HTN and Eisenmenger syndrome

46
Q

ASD

A

Associated with Down syndrome

Split S2

47
Q

Transposition of great vessels

A

Creates two separate circuits
Can give prostaglandin E to maintain ductus arteriosus
Associated with maternal diabetes

48
Q

Coarctation of the aorta

A

Congenital exists between aortic vessels and PDA
Associated with Turner syndrome
Adult: associated with bicuspid aortic valve and rib notching

49
Q

Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy

A

Gene mutation in sarcomere genes (beta myosin heavy chain)
Septum blocks LV outflow, arrhythmias, and mitral regurg
Common cause of sudden cardiac death in young athletes

50
Q

Cardica myxoma histo

A

Benign mesenchymal proliferation with abundant ground substance
Obstructs the mitral valve

51
Q

Rhabdomyoma

A

Benign hamartoma of cardiac tissue that arises in the ventricles of children
Associated with tuberous sclerosis

52
Q

Dilated cardiomyopathy causes

A 
Coxsackievirus 
Chagas 
Muscular dystrophy
Doxorubicin 
Alcohol (beriberi)
Pregnancy 
Hemochromatosis
53
Q

Restrictive cardiomyopathy signs

A

Prominent y descent

Kussmaul sign

54
Q

Restrictive cardiomyopathy causes

A

Amyloidosis
Sarcoidosis
Lysosomal storage diseases

Step Review (17 decks)

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